Select one: 18 no. Presto (II), Ode To Joy | Muppet Music Video | The Muppets, Claudio Abbados Legacy Celebrated With Huge Multi-Disc Boxset, New Recording Of Verdi Choruses From La Scala Salutes Riccardo Chailly At 70, Decca Classics Set To Release Rene Fleming Greatest Moments at the Met, Bachs Monumental Goldberg Variations: Masterpiece Guide, Best Classical Pianists Of All Time: Top 25, Best Bach Works: 10 Essential Pieces By The Great Composer. d. piccolo. Even the worm was given desire, Some of the initial critical reaction to the 9th symphony is not included here because it appeared in articles that also give substantial attention to other late works by Beethoven. because it is such a unique social connection for them . That's why Beethoven's Ninth Symphony is arguably the central artwork of Western music: it is as much of a challenge now as it was in 1824 to its listeners, to performers, and to every . False, Beethoven's Fifth Symphony progresses from a victorious opening to conflict and struggle. Complete each sentence by writing the form of the verb indicated in parentheses. Froh, wie seine Sonnen fliegen a. [37], While adhering to the standard compound ternary design (three-part structure) of a dance movement (scherzo-trio-scherzo or minuet-trio-minuet), the scherzo section has an elaborate internal structure; it is a complete sonata form. It was first performed in Vienna on 7 May 1824. a. The exposition then repeats before a short development section, where Beethoven explores other ideas. Sondern lat uns angenehmere anstimmen, und freudenvollere.'' 5? c. third At times during the piece, Beethoven specifies one downbeat every three barsperhaps because of the fast tempowith the direction ritmo di tre battute (rhythm of three beats) and one beat every four bars with the direction ritmo di quattro battute (rhythm of four beats). [91], Of his own Ninth Symphony, George Lloyd wrote: "When a composer has written eight symphonies he may find that the horizon has been blacked out by the overwhelming image of Beethoven and his one and only Ninth. 125, "Choral" Instrumentation: 3 flutes, 2 oboes, two clarinets, 3 bassoons; 4 horns, 2 trumpets, 3 trombones; timpani, crash cymbals, triangle, bass drum; strings; solo chorus Performance time: 1 hour, 7 minutes Background. Be sure to like . "[1] Verdi admired the first three movements but lamented what he saw as the bad writing for the voices in the last movement: The alpha and omega is Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, marvellous in the first three movements, very badly set in the last. The BBC Proms Youth Choir performed the piece alongside Georg Solti's UNESCO World Orchestra for Peace at the Royal Albert Hall during the 2018 Proms at Prom 9, titled "War & Peace" as a commemoration to the centenary of the end of World War One. 97, the Hammerklavier piano sonata Op. [69][70], Michael Tippett in his Third Symphony (1972) quotes the opening of the finale of Beethoven's Ninth and then criticises the utopian understanding of the brotherhood of man as expressed in the Ode to Joy and instead stresses man's capacity for both good and evil. Which describes the key areas of Beethoven's Symphony No. [79], During the division of Germany in the Cold War, the "Ode to Joy" segment of the symphony was played in lieu of a national anthem at the Olympic Games for the United Team of Germany between 1956 and 1968. The album cover is black with Leonards photo conducting the Philharmonic. Following the trio, the second occurrence of the scherzo, unlike the first, plays through without any repetition, after which there is a brief reprise of the trio, and the movement ends with an abrupt coda.[37]. In his remarkable history of one of the most popular symphonic works of the modern period, Buch traces such complex and contradictory usesand abusesof Beethoven's Ninth Symphony since its premier in 1824. The Ninth Symphony, though, was richly rewarded by music critics. The course will be delivered via edX and connect learners around the world. ("Oh friends, not these sounds! Prior to Beethoven's ninth, symphonies had not used choral forces and the piece thus established the genre of choral symphony. After performing in Beethoven's 1824 premiere, Unger then found fame in Italy and Paris. Beethoven 9th Symphony Op. Karajans interpretation of Beethovens 9th Symphony is okay, but my favorite is Leonard Bernsteins recording in the 70s. "[22] The audience acclaimed him through standing ovations five times; there were handkerchiefs in the air, hats, and raised hands, so that Beethoven, who they knew could not hear the applause, could at least see the ovations. The 1808 Choral Fantasy, Op. From todays perspective, when Beethovens Ninth regularly tops rankings of the greatest ever classical music, it seems almost unimaginable that the Symphony was not immediately heralded as a masterpiece. 8 in the New Schubert Edition. Beethoven 's Symphony No. through the glorious universe, Ninth Symphony (1823) Work of tremendous scale, length, expanded orchestration, including chorus and vocal soloists (transcending bounds of the traditional symphony). It is a work that has been used by different ideologies at different times. Read more: So if Beethoven was completely deaf, how did he compose? Which of the following does NOT occur in the first movement of Beethoven's Symphony No. 03/16/2020. When he began the Ninth, it had been some time since Beethoven had composed a symphony. Beethovens Symphony No. Mu ein lieber Vater wohnen. Beethoven's Ninth Symphony is one of his most well known and performed symphonies. Beethoven steadily lost his hearing while writing the symphony and was profoundly deaf when it was premiered on 7 May 1824. The third movement is a lyrical, slow movement in B majora minor sixth away from the symphony's main key of D minor. True It was not until later in the 19th century, as symphonic ambitions grew, that it began to be elevated to its current status. Und wer's nie gekonnt, der stehle Symphony No. "Stokowski conducts Beethoven: Symphony no. He is believed to have replied, when asked why he did not compose another symphony, "There is only one ninth", in reference to Beethoven.[93]. Beethoven's ninth symphony is unique because. Select one: Based on the testimony of the participants, there are suggestions that it was under-rehearsed (there were only two full rehearsals) and rather scrappy in execution. Having lost his hearing years earlier, the celebrated composer nonetheless . 9 also opened the floodgates to the grand and spacious symphonies of composers like Bruckner, Liszt and Mahler. Was die Mode streng geteilt; Oxford University Press, 2000. Yet by returning to themes from the previous movements at the start of the finale, Beethoven also asserts the Symphonys coherence. d. All possible answers. [25] According to Del Mar, this edition corrects nearly 3,000 mistakes in the Breitkopf edition, some of which were "remarkable". Nelson, David. True Maybe not, if you dont play an orchestral instrument, but singers may be able to muscle in on the fourth movement. Anton Bruckner had not originally intended his unfinished ninth symphony to feature choral forces, however the use of his choral Te Deum in lieu of the uncompleted Finale was supposedly sanctioned by the composer. In his compositions Beethoven completely abandoned Classical formal traditions. We consider Schubert firmly in the romantic period, but . [16][17] Also personally recruited by Beethoven, 20-year-old contralto Caroline Unger, a native of Vienna, had gained critical praise in 1821 appearing in Rossini's Tancredi. Read more:What are the lyrics to Beethovens triumphant Ode to Joy? 125", "Jonathan Del Mar, New Urtext Edition: Beethoven Symphonies 19", "Ludwig van Beethoven The Nine Symphonies The New Brenreiter Urtext Edition", "Beethoven 9 The fundamental reappraisal of a classic", "Concerning the Review of the Urtext Edition of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony", "The Dramatization of Hypermetric Conflicts in the Scherzo of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony", "The Natural Horn and the Beethoven 9 "Controversy", The Classical Style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, "Beethoven Foundation Schiller's "An die Freude" and Authoritative Translation", "Concert: Beethoven 9th, Benjamin Zander and the Boston Philharmonic at Carnegie Hall", "Was Something Wrong with Beethoven's Metronome? . Gaby Reucher rf. The choral finale is Beethoven's musical representation of universal brotherhood based on the "Ode to Joy" theme and is in theme and variations form. [71], In the film The Pervert's Guide to Ideology, the philosopher Slavoj iek comments on the use of the Ode by Nazism, Bolshevism, the Chinese Cultural Revolution, the East-West German Olympic team, Southern Rhodesia, Abimael Guzmn (leader of the Shining Path), and the Council of Europe and the European Union. Our performance of Beyond Beethoven 9on Thursday 16 and Saturday 18 April 2020 could not take place as we are currently closed due to the coronavirus. Although it was enthusiastically received, the second concert featuring the Ninth Symphony was less well attended, perhaps simply because it was a nice sunny day. 9, in D minor, op. Sinfonie Musik fr alle Zwecke Die Neunte und Europa: "Die Marseillaise der Menschheit", Japan makes Beethoven's Ninth No. We enter, burning with fervour, c. theme or musical idea dominates entire symphony "We were playing at that time Beethoven's 9th Symphony. Many later composers of the Romantic period and beyond were influenced by the Ninth Symphony. 125 Mvt, 2 (Part1) Mixed Ensemble. Like the first movement, the scherzo is in D minor, with the introduction bearing a passing resemblance to the opening theme of the first movement, a pattern also found in the Hammerklavier piano sonata, written a few years earlier. Brothers, above the canopy of stars [90] Dmitri Shostakovich had originally intended his Ninth Symphony to be a large work with chorus and soloists, although the symphony as it eventually appeared was a relatively short work without vocal forces. 125 (premiered 1824) by Emina Melonic, writer and critic. Beethoven had long hoped to visit London, where he had a number of supporters. John Clubbe, author of Beethoven: The Relentless Revolutionary (2019), believes the Eroica 's famous first two chords, which crash like cannon shots, represent the cannons fired by Napoleon's armies as they marched across Europe. The Philharmonic Society of London originally commissioned the symphony in 1817. "The Unique Story of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony". The 4-note motive is heard in the second theme. Our recommended recording of Beethovens Choral Symphony No. 5? These are by far the largest forces needed for any Beethoven symphony; at the premiere, Beethoven augmented them further by assigning two players to each wind part. b. are considered "heroic." c. are deeply rooted in Baroque style. 7 uses the ABABA form found in the 3rd movement of Beethoven's piece and takes various figurations from it. 8:05pm Interval (30 minutes) 9:30pm Ends. [37], For the second subject, it modulates to the unusual key of C major. Verses and choruses are numbered in accordance with the complete text of Schiller's ". d. The symphony begins in C minor and ends in C major. Discover the story behind Beethovens Symphony No. But be warned: the choral movement is punishing for the singers, especially the sopranos, who have to sing on top As for bar after bar. And Wagner described it as, The redemption of Music from out of her own particular element into the realm of universal Art. The scale and ambition of Beethovens Symphony No. Musical experts call it the greatest symphony ever written, commentators are still talking about its visionary political message - and even casual classical music listeners . [41], Cook gives the following table describing the form of the movement:[42]. There are several contradictory accounts of the concert. Here it is, performed by the Global Insta Orchestra, made up of musicians around the world, playing across the Internet. [18] Anton Haizinger and Joseph Seipelt sang the tenor and bass/baritone parts, respectively. He was turning the pages of his score and beating time for an orchestra he could not hear.[19]. [65], At 79 minutes, one of the longest Ninths recorded is Karl Bhm's, conducting the Vienna Philharmonic in 1981 with Jessye Norman and Plcido Domingo among the soloists.[66]. 9 in D Minor, Op. Beethoven actually started thinking about setting Friedrich Schiller's "Ode to Joy" poem to music as early as 1793 when he was 22 years old. The final movement in Beethoven's Ninth Symphony is the most famous, as it served as the musical setting for FriedrichSchiller's poem "Ode to Joy." Beethoven was already deaf when he wrote it. However, there was concern about the musics complexity and especially its mammoth finale, which unexpectedly brought in solo singers and chorus. Beethoven was a deaf, classical composer and pianist that strove for excellence. a. oboe And Haydn, too, had used this arrangement in a number of his own works such as the String Quartet No. Select Format: DVD - $24.99. Completed in 1824, the symphony is one of the best-known works in classical music. heavenly being, your sanctuary! If you feel that you can make a donation, no matter how small, you will be making a huge difference. [37], The contrasting trio section is in D major and in duple time. 5? Und der Cherub steht vor Gott. And no round-up is complete without The Muppets version of Ode To Joy. The now celebrated Ode to Joy for a while was in danger of being cut and replaced with an instrumental movement. Beethoven: the story behind the 9th symphony. Heres a kiss for all the world!). [80] Also, the "Ode to Joy" was used as the national anthem of Rhodesia between 1974 and 1979, as "Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia". By 1824 Beethoven was in his fifties, short-sighted, hard of hearing, and recovering from a protracted court case over guardianship of his nephew. b. He had toyed with a variety of versions of Friedrich Schillers Ode to Joy since the 1790s. A 20% discount to the ticket price is available on group bookings for 10 people or more. The vocal forces sing a theme first played instrumentally, and this theme is reminiscent of the corresponding theme in the Ninth Symphony. The movement starts with an introduction in which musical material from each of the preceding three movementsthough none are literal quotations of previous music[40]are successively presented and then dismissed by instrumental recitatives played by the low strings. Select one: 38 votes. There, in the first concert since the demolition of the Berlin Wall just a few weeks earlier, American conductor Leonard Bernstein led a group of musicians from both the eastern and western sides of the city in a performance of Beethoven's Symphony No . 9 is also known as the Choral Symphony because Beethoven took the highly unorthodox step of writing the fourth movement for four vocal soloists and a chorus, setting parts of Schillers uplifting poem An Die Freude (Ode To Joy), which has as its theme the universal brotherhood of mankind. b. blindness d. The symphony begins in C minor and ends in C major. After completing the Seventh and Eighth symphonies in quick succession in 1812 he kept various orchestral projects in mind. a. The symphony continues to be used as a powerful message of hope and unity. Oct. 31, 2013. 125 "Choral" - IV. String numbers: Violin1+2.Viola.Cello.Bass Weinend sich aus diesem Bund! After surviving the war in Bosnia, I lived in a refugee camp in the Czech Republic for almost four years before immigrating to the United States. The symphony is regarded by many critics and musicologists as Beethoven's greatest work and one of the supreme achievements in the history of music. The tune of the anthem in question is "Ode to Joy", an extract from Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. The slow movement of Bruckner's Symphony No. Beethoven's Legacy "Music is a higher revelation than all wisdom and philosophy.". It is the longest and most complex of all his symphonies, which we may regard it as the pinnacle of his achievement, because it is his last symphony but he wasworking on his Tenthwhen he died.. This was not unusual; benefit concerts were undertaken at the organisers risk and it was rare for them to make a profit after expenses (hall rental, performer fees) had been paid. Although the performance was officially directed by Michael Umlauf, the theatre's Kapellmeister, Beethoven shared the stage with him. Joy, beautiful spark of divinity, Download 'Scheherazade Opus 35 (3)' on iTunes, 12 March 2020, 16:59 | Updated: 29 August 2022, 21:07. Both programmes included the Ninth Symphony. 9. Folgen ihrer Rosenspur. c. short-short-short-long Flute (2), Oboe (2), Clarinet Other (2) and 2 more. It opens with a recap of each of the previous movements themes, but then Beethoven seems to reject them all, in the phrase he writes for the bass soloist, O friends, not these sounds: rather let us intone pleasanter and more joyful ones. Himmlische, dein Heiligtum! "NBC Symphony Orchestra. [1][2] One of the best-known works in common practice music,[1] it stands as one of the most frequently performed symphonies in the world.[3][4]. The Breitkopf & Hrtel edition dating from 1864 has been used widely by orchestras. What are the lyrics to Beethovens triumphant Ode to Joy. Beethoven's Ninth Symphony is one of the most enduring and revered musical works of all time, and it has been appropriated by a multitude of political movements over the years. Some say the venue (the Krntnertortheater) was packed; others, that there were empty boxes. "Beethoven absolutely loved and cherished nature, and thought of nature as a holy thing," says conductor Roderick Cox, who led performances of Beethoven's Symphony No. Karajan recorded Beethovens Symphony No. 9 is famous for its setting of Friedrich Schillers poem Ode to Joy a text the composer had been fascinated with for over twenty years. Laura Tunbridge, Beethoven: A Life in Nine Pieces(Viking, 2020) wasreleased on Thursday 16 July 2020. In the Choral symphony, Beethoven took the structure of a Classical symphony to its limits in expression of his lofty philosophical theme: the unity of mankind and our place in the universe. ", "Beethoven's Ninth Symphony of greater importance than technology", "AES Oral History Project: Kees A.Schouhamer Immink", "Ode To Freedom Beethoven: Symphony No. Understand the instruments and voices of the orchestra and choir. [78] A rock guitar version of the "Ode to Joy" theme was used as the theme for Suddenly Susan in its first season. [53], A number of conductors have made alterations in the instrumentation of the symphony. . On May 7, 2015 celebrate the anniversary of Beethoven's . 125, is a choral symphony, the final complete symphony by Ludwig van Beethoven, composed between 1822 and 1824. The various movements of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony are unified by the opening motive in the first movement. In the 1960s, these year-end performances of the symphony became more widespread, and included the participation of local choirs and orchestras, firmly establishing a tradition that continues today. Beethoven's works have long held political significance, both in his lifetime and after it. joyfully, like a conquering hero. [23], The first German edition was printed by B. Schott's Shne (Mainz) in 1826. Select one: Such' ihn ber'm Sternenzelt! October 2013. It begins with open fifths (A and E) played pianissimo by tremolo strings, steadily building up until the first main theme in D minor at bar 17. Since 1985, Beethovens Ode to Joy has been the melody used to symbolise the European Union. By Edward Rothstein. This set of listening activities contains a guided listening sheet to accompany each of the four movements of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. 9, "Symphony guide: Beethoven's Ninth ('Choral')", "Lansing Symphony Orchestra to perform joyful Beethoven's 9th", "Memory of the World (2001) Ludwig van Beethoven: Symphony No 9, D minor, Op. The Deafness In Ludwig Van Beethoven's Ninth Symphony 558 Words | 3 Pages. ". In his new book The Ninth: Beethoven and the World in 1824, Sachs circumspectly, and persuasively, describes Beethoven's only vocal symphony as a statement of freedom in the repressive political . Still proud of their coup, the RPS continues to commission established and new composers today. Tochter aus Elysium, He did not pursue them until he received a commission from Londons Philharmonic Society in December 1822. [43] This "inner symphony" follows the same overall pattern as the Ninth Symphony as a whole, with four "movements": Rosen notes that the movement can also be analysed as a set of variations and simultaneously as a concerto sonata form with double exposition (with the fugato acting both as a development section and the second tutti of the concerto). Beethoven's ninth symphony is unique because of its use of a choir in the final movement. A chorus and four vocal soloists perform the final . c. short-short-short-long motive appears in each movement 9 is also known . And supported by the authority of Beethoven, they will all shout: "That's the way to do it"[48], Conductors in the historically informed performance movement, notably Roger Norrington,[49] have used Beethoven's suggested tempos, to mixed reviews. d. "rocket theme" in low strings. The festival, now known as the Beethoven Festival, is Utah's oldest classical music festival. 9, with its beloved "Ode To Joy" movement, performed the way he wrote it: from start to finish, a crisp . How the most famous bars of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, 'Ode to Joy', look in musical notation. Gray. Symphony No. April 18, 2022. Select one: It was first performed in Vienna on 7 May 1824. The Symphony No. One of the main reasons why this music, written 150, 200, or 300 years ago, still excites the minds of listeners and evokes a whole range of emotions is the incredible talent and genius with . Daughter from Elysium, Towards the end of the movement, the choir sings the last four lines of the main theme, concluding with "Alle Menschen" before the soloists sing for one last time the song of joy at a slower tempo. 9 has also been used to mark monumental public events, among the most moving of which took place on Christmas Day 1989 in Berlin. Bonds, Mark Evan, "Symphony: II. [59], Richard Wagner inaugurated his Bayreuth Festspielhaus by conducting the Ninth; since then it is traditional to open each Bayreuth Festival with a performance of the Ninth. Benjamin Zander has made a case for following Beethoven's metronome markings, both in writing[26] and in performances with the Boston Philharmonic Orchestra and Philharmonia Orchestra of London. Myth and legend swirl around Beethoven and his Ninth Symphony. Let us instead strike up more pleasing and more joyful ones!"). a. A-B-A 6:45pm Auditorium doors. [20] On the other hand, the premiere was a great success. c. 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So this time, he instructed the singers and musicians to ignore the almost completely deaf Beethoven. 9 is still one of the most frequently played orchestral works in the world. Since then, Beethoven's Ninth has become, in the words of Philip Huscher, "a cultural symbol of unsurpassed importance." Because of that, the contralto Caroline Unger walked over and turned Beethoven around to accept the audience's cheers and applause. Beethoven's ninth symphony is unique because, The movement of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony that makes the most extensive use of variation procedure is the, The text of "Ode to Joy" by Friedrich von Schiller is an expression of. The first variation, like the theme, is in 44 time, the second in 128. Ja, wer auch nur eine Seele [21], When the audience applaudedtestimonies differ over whether at the end of the scherzo or symphonyBeethoven was several bars off and still conducting. Which of the following statements is NOT true? 125, is widely regarded as one of Beethoven's greatest compositions and one of the greatest symphonies ever composed. Select one: Normally, a scherzo is in triple time. Find out the adverb clause and the word it modifies in the item below. Among critics, it is almost . Beethoven's Ninth Symphony according to Frederick Stock, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra's second music director, in Talks About Beethoven's Symphonies is "dedicated to all Mankind. From the 1960s to the 1980s, Karajan and the Berlin Philharmonics recordings of the Beethoven symphonies were the gold standard for a generation. The recapitulation (repeating of the melodic themes heard in the opening of the movement) further develops the exposition's themes, also containing timpani solos. Eines Freundes Freund zu sein; The Ninth was Beethoven's first symphony for more than a decade, though at least one of its elements had originated much earlier: a letter written as far back as 1793 advised of the composer's intention to set Friedrich Schiller's 'Ode to Joy', while a tiny sketch dated to 1798 makes use of some of its words. A new development section leads to the repeat of the recapitulation, and the scherzo concludes with a brief codetta. There were more rehearsals than usual for a concert, but many members of the orchestra and chorus a mix of professionals and amateurs found the music challenging. [67], In the opening notes of the third movement of his Symphony No. False, CH 34 LISTENING QUIZ: Beethoven: Symphony No., "The Most Dangerous Game" Concept Vocabulary, Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka, Chapter 34, Chapter 33, Chapter 32, Chapter 31. [83] The hymn is commonly sung in English-language churches to the "Ode to Joy" melody from this symphony. Premiering in 1824, the symphony has garnered widespread acclaim. However, two years earlier, Umlauf had watched as the composer's attempt to conduct a dress rehearsal of his opera Fidelio ended in disaster. London even missed out on the premiere, which was held in Vienna on 7 May 1824, but the British premiere was given on 21 March 1825 at the Argyll Rooms in London and a blue plaque, put up by the Royal Philharmonic Society, marks the spot. Listen to our recommended recording of Beethovens Symphony No. The manuscript of Beethoven's ninth symphony, premiered in 1824, with notes 'in all registers'. It was a symphony like no other, a hugely ambitious score ending with a choral finale.. Answer (1 of 6): Beethoven finished the ninth around 1822, a few years before his death, and over a decade after he has gone profoundly deaf. The originality and scale of the work, though, perplexed many performers and listeners. Beethoven's Ninth Symphony: The Music of a GeniusUpdate 3/3/2016: I've started uploading videos on YouTube again, check out my latest video! c. oboe cadenza in the recapitulation It is in theme and variations form. The reason these arguments are interminable is that each interpretation contributes something to the understanding of the movement, but does not represent the whole story. b. 125 "Choral" - 4c. The symphony begins and ends in C minor. Opus 125 (also known as "the Choral"), is Ludwig van Beethoven's final complete symphony. The sing-alongs to the German composer's piece about brotherhood and understanding have been a yuletide tradition in Japan for more than a century. Alle Guten, alle Bsen Each movement is longer than usual and subverts formal expectations. Significantly the words from SchillersOde An Die Freude(Ode To Joy) were changed: the word Freude (Joy) became Freiheit (Freedom). Which of the movements in Beethoven's Fifth Symphony is in C major? Personally, I enjoyed listening to Beethoven's ninth symphony because there were so many changes in elements such as the melody, harmony, rhythm, and mood. At about 24 minutes in length, the last movement is the longest of the four movements. At the premiere of the Ninth Symphony, on May 7, 1824, the crowd went wild - but Beethoven couldn't hear them. The soprano and alto parts were sung by two famous young singers: Henriette Sontag and Caroline Unger. 6, the Little C major, the subtitle is now usually . It's because of Beethoven", "Shannon, Beethoven, and the Compact Disc", " https://www.ecoustics.com/products/philips-celebrates-25th-anniversary-compact", "Opinion | South Africa Poaches on Europe's Anthem", "Beethovens 9.
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