7:135. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00135. J. Variability of interactions between barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) genotypes and Orobanche species. Plant Physiol. parasitism on amino acid composition of carrot (Daucus carota L). On the contrary, they must be highly susceptible, as the farmer is the one with the role of stopping the parasitic process by harvesting the catch crop as a green vegetable before the parasite emerges. 16, 153160. Such a model would be a valuable tool to synthesize knowledge on broomrape life-cycle, to design and test management strategies and better predict the variability in effects observed for a given environment and set of agricultural practices. 36, 113121. Eizenberg, H., Aly, R., and Cohen, Y. The opposite agricultural practice deep-plowing, has been suggested to bring seeds of parasitic weeds to a depth with less oxygen availability and therefore a reduction in its germination capacity (Van Delft et al., 2000). Plants (Basel). Westwood, J. H., dePamphilis, C. W., Das, M., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Honaas, L. A., Timko, M. P., et al. July 3, 2022 orange county soccer club ny manhattan beach apartments. A., and Garca-Garrido, J. M. (2009c). Mohamed, K. I., Papes, M., Williams, R., Benz, B. W., and Peterson, A. T. (2006). Mmoire sur la Germination des Orobanches, Vol. Divers. A. C. Verkleij, and S. C. ter Borg (Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute), 146156. Orobanche crenata in Ethiopia. 193, 6268. Sauerborn (1991) estimated that 16 million ha in Mediterranean and West Asia regions risked being infested. Broomrape acts as a strong sink, depriving the host from water, mineral, and organic nutrients with the consequent negative impact on the growth of the host plant (Manschadi et al., 1996; Hibberd et al., 1998; Joel, 2000; Abbes et al., 2009). A number of broomrape species are serious agricultural threats. 81, 779781. The taxonomy of the group is somewhat contentious, and the American species of broomrape are sometimes placed in the genus Aphyllon. (2012). Unfortunately this technique represents another example of highly promising broomrape control strategy that has never been validated in field experiments. Babiker, A. G. T., Ahmed, E. A., Dawoud, D. A., and Abdrella, N. K. (2007). 93, 10391051. Sillero, J. C., Moreno, M. T., and Rubiales, D. (2005). 62, 70637071. Maintenance of relative low levels of those amino acids in tubercles either by low levels of synthetase activities (McNally et al., 1983) and or their rapid turnover of host-derived amino acids, establishes a decreasing concentration gradient that favors the unloading of amino acids into the parasite (Abbes et al., 2009). 4 - Iowa State University check engine light on and off Serotinous species in North American deserts have evolved similar seed retention syndromes as . (2007a). Biocontrol Sci. Ann. doi: 10.1086/283185, Auger, B., Pouvreau, J. -. Bioinspired chitinous material solutions for environmental sustainability and medicine. (1980). Besides the demethylation of PrCYP707A1 promoter required for host-dependent PrCYP707A1 expression, the high levels of global DNA demethylation observed at the end of conditioning period suggest that the epigenetic process occurring during the conditioning phase may be targeting other unknown molecules during conditioning. 155, 728734. 5, 99108. Bot. seed germination and radicle growth. (2002). Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Beechdrops ranges from New Brunswick west to Ontario and Missouri and south to the Gulf of Mexico. Persistence of GR7 and Striga germination stimulant(s) from Euphorbia aegyptiaca Boiss. Many other interesting examples of trap crops emerged from a root exudates screening of important crops (Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2009b). Plant Prot. As a nurse plant, the bursage provides protection from hungry animals, shade from the relentless sun and additional nutrients and water that collect under the plant. J. Bot. Are pectinolytic activities of Orobanche cumana seedlings related to virulence towards sunflower? In vitro treatments of a large range of sulfonylurea herbicides inhibit broomrape germination and radicle elongation (Hershenhorn et al., 1998; Plakhine et al., 2001). 2020 Sep 11;9(9):1184. doi: 10.3390/plants9091184. (2008). Ecosyst. in Africa and Near East. Mayer, A. M., and Bar-Nun, N. (1994). mermaid sightings in ireland; is color optimizing creme the same as developer; harley davidson 1584 cc motor; what experiment did stan have in mind answers Babiker, A. G. T. (2008). J. Agric. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1971.tb01006.x, Stewart, G. R., and Press, M. C. (1990). Science 349, 540543. update on breeding for resistance to sunflower broomrape / actualizacin de la situacin de la mejora gentica de girasol para resistencia al jopo June 2014 Helia 33(52):1-12 Hamamouch, N., Westwood, J. H., Banner, I., Cramer, C. L., Gepstein, S., and Aly, R. (2005). First report of crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata) on lentil (Lens culinaris) and common vetch (Vicia sativa) in Salamanca Province, Spain. The significance of this structure in broomrape parasitism requires further investigation. doi: 10.1071/SB05009, Thomas, H., Heller, A., Sauerborn, J., and Mller-Stver, D. (1999). 67, 141148. 47, 153159. Hot air temperature and clear skies are required during the solarization period. Res. The .gov means its official. However, in other broomrape-crop associations the damage induced by broomrape extends beyond assimilate diversion. doi: 10.1139/B10-057, Lechat, M. M., Brun, G., Montiel, G., Veronesi, C., Simier, P., Thoiron, S., et al. These connections are probably developed from simultaneous differentiation of adjacent host and parasite cells to xylem elements (Drr, 1997). "It is a prolific seed producer. Simulation of integrated control strategies for Orobanche spp. Westwood, J. H. (2013). Seed conditioning and its role in Orobanche seed germination: inhibition by paclobutrazol, in Progress in Orobanche Research. doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(95)00594-3, Bar-Nun, N., and Mayer, A. M. (1993). Reviewed in Joel et al. doi: 10.1094/MPMI.1998.11.6.530, Xie, X., Yoneyama, K., and Yoneyama, K. (2010). doi: 10.1002/ps.1713. Underground Mechanisms of Parasitism and Associated Strategies for their Control: A Review. Besides date of sowing, nutrient management can promote both tolerance and increased resistance in crops to broomrape parasitism (Parker, 2009; Labrousse et al., 2010). This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/plant/broomrape, Illinois Wildflowers - One-Flowered Broomrape, University of California - Branched Broomrape. Environ. inducers of ISR (Gozzo, 2003) and commercially available as Proradix can reduce broomrape parasitism by 80% in susceptible cultivars of hemp and tobacco without phytotoxic effect on the crop (Gonsior et al., 2004). Foy, C. L., Jain, R., and Jacobsohn, R. (1989). Weed Res. (2009). Biol. Parasite population Broomrape seeds were originally collected in Serbia from sunflower hybrids known to be resistant to race E. This broomrape population was designated as LP12BSR and was used in a previous study as . Plant Physiol. Distrib. a review. doi: 10.1038/nature03608, Albrecht, H., Yoder, J. I., and Phillips, D. A. with Phytomyza orobanchia, a review. Fernndez-Aparicio M, Delavault P, Timko MP. Although host phloem supplies the majority of nutrients including minerals, open xylem connections developed at the host-parasite interface allow additional mineral and water flow toward the parasite (Abbes et al., 2009; Westwood, 2013). Jan 08, 2016. doi: 10.1560/ETEL-C34X-Y6MG-YT0M, Veronesi, C., Bonnin, E., Calvez, S., Thalouarn, P., and Simier, P. (2007). Recognition of root exudates by seeds of broomrape (Orobanche and Phelipanche) species. 2021 Apr 11;10(4):746. doi: 10.3390/plants10040746. Disclaimer. A novel metabolite, ryecyanatine-A recently isolated from rye (Secale cereale L.), presents potential for broomrape control by promoting rapid cessation of broomrape radicle growth and therefore inhibiting its ability to reach the host. 2022 Mar 23;13:733116. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.733116. Ryecyanatines A and B and ryecarbonitrilines A and B, substituted cyanatophenol, cyanato-benzo[1,3] diole, and benzo[1,3]dioxolecarbonitriles from rye (Secale cereale L.) root exudates: new metabolites with allelophatic activity on Orobanche seed germination and radicle growth. Composition of and changes in storage compounds in Orobanche aegyptiaca seeds during preconditioning. A better understanding of the biochemistry of host recognition in broomrape will facilitate the generation of control strategies targeting the haustorium development. Bagley urged growers and pest control advisors to be vigilant in avoiding spread of this weed to new fields. A multiple-pathogen strategy in which two or more pathogens are combined has been proved successful for the control of broomrape causing a synergistic effect that can lead to 100% broomrape control (Dor and Hershenhorn, 2003; Mller-Stver et al., 2005). Effect of triiodobenzoic acid on broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) infection and development in tomato plants. Joel, D. M. (2000). Still, as the parasite is synchronized on the crop development this means in some cases that the change disfavoring the parasite could also limit the maximum potential yield for the crop. This approach is based on the selection of naturally occurring mutants that overproduce and excrete an enhanced amount of specific amino acid with broomrape inhibition properties on seed germination and radicle growth (Vurro et al., 2006; Sands and Pilgeram, 2009). 18 Sep 2020. doi: 10.1021/jf403738p, Finch-Savage, W. E., and Leubner-Metzger, G. (2006). 60, 641650. -, Abbes Z., Kharrat M., Delavault P., Chabi W., Simier P. (2009). The strigolactone story. Each broomrape species show specificity not only for root exudates in order to germinate but also for host species to invade and feed on, being the germination-stimulatory range usually broader than the actual host range (Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2009b). Phytomyza orobanchia is reported to be broomrape-specific and its main action as biocontrol agent is by reduction of broomrape reproductive activity due to their feeding activity on ovules and young seeds. Due to their physical and metabolic overlap with the crop, their underground parasitism, their achlorophyllous nature, and hardly destructible seed bank, broomrape weeds are usually not controlled by management strategies designed for non-parasitic weeds. A peptide from insects protects transgenic tobacco from a parasitic weed. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. The role of strigolactones in host specificity of Orobanche and Phelipanche seed germination. Haustorial initiation and differentiation, in Parasitic Plants, eds M. C. Press and J. D. Graves (London: Chapman and Hall), 3979. (2007). Imazamox application timing for small broomrape (Orobanche minor) control in red clover. Nutrient effects on parasitism and germination of Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca). Mineral nutrient concentration influences sunflower infection by broomrape (Orobanche cumana). doi: 10.1006/anbo.1996.0385, Drr, I., and Kollmann, R. (1995). In this study, the temperature-dependent relationship was developed into a predictive model based on growing degree-days (GDD) for small broomrape parasitism in red clover. Plant Dis. 43, 808815. Despite of this fact, Seed Certification Services in some of the countries affected, do not include in their certification standards, inspection of crop seed samples for broomrape inoculum. doi: 10.1080/09583157.2015.1018813. Strigolactone analogs derived from ketones using a working model for germination stimulants as a blueprint. Resistance that occurs in the central cylinder is related with accumulation of phenolic compounds in the surrounding tissues and nearby xylem vessels inducing a toxic release near the parasite impeding vascular connection (Prez-de-Luque et al., 2009). Engineering of virulence-enhanced mycoherbicides is another approach of great interest. broomrape and bursage relationship. It's a cute little bird - the Phainopepla. PrCYP707A1, an ABA catabolic gene, is a key component of Phelipanche ramosa seed germination in response to the strigolactone analogue GR24. Another strategy to induce suicidal germination of broomrape seed bank could be the use of gibberellin agonists. doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.08.011, Losner-Goshen, D., Portnoy, V. H., Mayer, A. M., and Joel, D. M. (1998). Jain, R., and Foy, C. L. (1992). 125, 9297. Lpez-Rez, J. This surface is covered by carbohydrate secretion that sticks the haustorium to the host surface. Delayed sowing date is a traditional method that can show high degree of success on inhibiting parasitism if implemented correctly (Lpez-Granados and Garca-Torres, 1996; Rubiales et al., 2003a; Prez-de-Luque et al., 2004; Grenz et al., 2005). Bagley urged growers and pest control advisors to be vigilant in avoiding spread of this weed to new fields. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03171.x, Klein, O., and Kroschel, J. Sci. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2005.06.009. The physiology and biochemistry of parasitic angiosperms. 2021 Feb 5;2(5):100166. doi: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100166. Germination response of Orobanche seeds subjected to conditioning temperature, water potential and growth regulator treatments. Bot. Reduced germination of Orobanche cumana seeds in the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or their exudates. Evol. Agroecology 3, 174. 48, 93117. As the tubercle matures a crown of adventitious roots will emerge from this tubercle carrying capacity of developing lateral haustorial connections. The Broomrape family comprises more than 2000 species of annual and perennial herbs or shrubs, nearly all of which are parasitic on the roots of other plants. Metzger, J. (2014). The concept of trap crops refers to the cultivation of crop species whose root exudates exhibit high germination-inducing activity on broomrape seeds, but these species do not become infected because they are resistant to later stages of the parasitic process indirectly leading to the killing of the young broomrape seedlings due to the lack of proper host. Hortic. Plakhine, D., Ziadna, H., and Joel, D. M. (2009). 65, 553559. 2018 Aug;102(8):1477-1488. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-01-18-0020-FE. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1988.tb00778.x. Crop Prot. 65, 566571. 51, 44874503. Mol. Sources of natural resistance based on reduced release of haustorium-inducing factors is a doubly interesting strategy to inhibit broomrape parasitism because not only it prevents broomrape parasitism in the current crop, but also it promotes the demise of the seed bank by promoting suicidal germination. Plant Commun. The dynamics of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) parasitism by Orobanche foetida. Sci. XR and SG-L additional text, editing, and comments. 72, 564574. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.10.034, Conn, C. E., Bythell-Douglas, R., Neumann, D., Yoshida, S., Whittington, B., Westwood, J. H., et al. Weed Res. Plant Sci. Several mechanisms underlying this resistance have been described at this stage such as production of gel-like substances within host vessels blocking the transfer of nutrients, host-encoded toxic-compounds delivered into the parasitic tissue though the vascular system and hormonal incompatibility that leads to abnormal haustorial maturation with scarce vascular connections (Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2008c; Prez-de-Luque et al., 2008, 2009). Bot. Inhibition of seed conditioning and subsequent germination mediated by inhibitors of GA synthesis reduces the receptivity of broomrape seeds to germination-inducing factors. Bot. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90779-9, Bar-Nun, N., and Mayer, A. M. (2002). 36, 395404. In order to increase their applicability in low-input crops, the development of synthetic analogs of hormones would constitute a cheap alternative to natural bioregulators for seed bank control of weeds in general and parasitic weeds in particular. Reda, F. (2006). 3586002. Parasitic plants probably evolved to recruit plant defense molecules as host recognition cues (Atsatt, 1977; Matvienko et al., 2001; Bandaranayake and Yoder, 2013). Biol. Edits and additions by Ann Filmer, Department of Plant Sciences, UC Davis; August 14, 2019. A., and Sauerborn, J. A., and Stewart, G. R. (1978). Solarization, a physical control method for weeds and parasitic plants (Orobanche spp.) 49 239248. Bot. doi: 10.1002/ps.1706, Keywords: integrated pest management, Orobanche, Phelipanche, parasitism, germination, haustorium, plant recognition, seed bank, Citation: Fernndez-Aparicio M, Reboud X and Gibot-Leclerc S (2016) Broomrape Weeds. resistance available for faba bean breeding. Keywords: broomrape and bursage relationship. Effect of N-application on sorghum growth, Striga infestation and the osmotic presure of the parasite in relation to the host. Inter-cropping with berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) reduces infection by Orobanche crenata in legumes. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ern316. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2004.11.001, Grenz, J. H., and Sauerborn, J. Semagenesis and the parasitic angiosperm Striga asiatica. Fusarium nygamai a potential bioherbicide for Striga hermonthica control in sorghum. and their current disposition. Isr. The relationship between the organic nitrogen status of Egyptian broomrape and one of its hosts, carrot, was studied by comparing amino acid profiles of leaf and root tissues of nonparasitized and broomrape-parasitized carrot plants and by analyzing amino acid profiles of broomrape at different growth stages. Pest Manag. There are not figures based on rigorous data for the total area affected by broomrape weeds (Parker, 2009). doi: 10.1002/ps.993, Tank, D. C., Beardsley, P. M., Kelchner, S. A., and Olmstead, R. G. (2006). Phainopepla - the mistletoe bird. Biol. Broomrape tubercles accumulate host-derived nitrogen in the form of either arginine or in the arginine and aspartate pair (Nandula et al., 2000; Abbes et al., 2009). Seed Sci. Besides their role as extraorganismal signaling, recent research is uncovering new functions for strigolactones as plant hormone controlling crop development in response to the environment (Gomez-Roldan et al., 2008; Umehara et al., 2008). Soyasapogenol B and trans-22-dehydrocamposterol from common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) root exudates stimulate broomrape seed germination. Resistance that occurs in the endodermis is mediated by lignification of endodermal and pericycle cell walls. We reviewed relevant facts about the biology and physiology of broomrape weeds and the major feasible control strategies. Nov 30, 2015. broomrape and bursage relationship. J. Exp. Phytochemistry 32, 13991402. Study on viability and longevity of Orobanche seed under laboratory conditions, in Proceedings of the International Workshop on Orobanche Research: Progress in Orobanche Research, eds K. Wegmann and L. J. Musselman (Obermarchtal: Eberhard-Karls Universitat), 110114. N. R. Spencer (Bozeman, MT: Montana State University), 139. Acquisition of water is driven by a lower water potential in broomrape tissues (Ehleringer and Marshall, 1995). The flower shoots are scaly, with a dense terminal inflorescence (spike) of 10-20 flowers in most species. The best studied group of germination-inducing factors are strigolactones, a group of terpenoid lactones. Weed Res. How broomrapes make the distinction not only between host-derived and their own-encoded strigolactones but also how they sense diversified strigolactone profiles in root exudates across species correlated with host ranges. broomrape and bursage relationship. Bot. Plant Microbe Interact. Planta 225, 10311038. operate at different developmental stages of the parasite. Fusarium nygamai a potential bioherbicide for Striga hermonthica control in sorghum. Ann. Front. Copyright The Regents of the University of California, Davis campus. In the following sections we describe the key developmental stages in the subterranean broomrape life cycle. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2010.03.004, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Garca-Garrido, J. M., Ocampo, J. Mechanisms limiting the geographical range of the parasitic weed Orobanche crenata. (2010). 42, 5760. Rev. Crop Prot. Biol. (2007). Thats what the Israelis do; they went from 70 percent yield losses to very modest losses they can live with.. seed germination and radicle growth. Planta 235, 11971207. Z., Huang, K., Wickett, N. J., Alford, S., et al. The site is secure. doi: 10.1007/s11103-008-9429-y. FIGURE 1. 25, 375387. 33, 267349. The advantage of this approach using fungi is that it can be used in absence of host cultivation (Thomas et al., 1999). Crop Prot. Fernndez-Aparicio M, Masi M, Cimmino A, Evidente A. However, selecting for high phenolic varieties is likely to induce many other side changes altering agronomic performance. 89, 2327. (2008). Joel, D. M., Bar, H., Mayer, A. M., Plakhine, D., Ziadne, H., Westwood, J. H., et al. doi: 10.1093/annbot/mcm148, Labrousse, P., Arnaud, M. C., Griveau, Y., Fer, A., and Thalouarn, P. (2004). (1999). With target-site resistance, the herbicide translocates unmetabolised to the underground broomrape via the haustorium inflicting its suppressive action in the parasite (Gressel, 2009). The first function of haustorium is as adhesion organ to host root surface mediated by a papillae cell layer; (E) adhesion to the root 3 days after germination induction; (F) upon vascular connection with the host, broomape initiates the development of the tubercle, the broomrape storage organ for host-derived nutrients. doi: 10.1021/jf030025s, Grenz, J. H., Manschadi, A. M., Uygurc, F. N., and Sauerborn, J. Beechdrops are an annual that forms thin, often purple-tinged, yellow-brown 12-inch or taller stems with . The release of phytochemicals by the roots of the allelopathic component in the intercrop inhibits the broomrape germination and/or radicle elongation toward the host component. This strategy to abort broomrape invasion requires regulating the toxin production with promoters specifically induced around the site of Orobanche penetration such as the HMG2 promoter, ensuring correct delivery of the toxic effect to the broomrape penetrating seedling and overall low concentration of the toxin in the rhizosphere. Some compatible Rhizobium leguminosarum strains in peas decrease infections when parasitized by Orobanche crenata. doi: 10.1017/S001447970100401X. 12, 638652. BMC Evol. Plant Cell Rep. 25, 297303. J. Bot. Broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsks.) Nitrogen metabolism remains largely unknown in broomrape. PMC Based on those conditions, methionine has the potential to be used as broomrape herbicide but it needs to be confirmed and its application adjusted to real field conditions. Resistance and avoidance against Orobanche crenata in pea (Pisum spp.) Appl. Joel, D. M., Back, A., Kleifeld, Y., and Gepstein, S. (1991). (1993). Molecular and biochemical mechanisms of defence induced in pea by Rhizobium leguminosarum against Orobanche crenata. Haustorium 53, 13. Pest Manag. Although broomrape pre-vascular connections benefits from host nutrients, the growth of broomrape in its way toward vascular cylinder is mainly sustained by consumption of seed reserves (Aber et al., 1983; Joel and Losner-Goshen, 1994; Joel, 2000). Were trying to get a relatively low rate of material into the crop, high enough to kill the parasitic weed but low enough to not damage the crop, Hanson said. (2003). The control of broomrape by mycoherbicides does not so far provide the level of control required in highly infested soils (Aly, 2007). Careers. Most species are primarily subterranean and appear aboveground only to reproduce. 10, 107114. Glutamine synthetase isozymes of Striga hermonthica and other angiosperm root parasites. doi: 10.1007/s13593-013-0153-x, Gibot-Leclerc, S., Corbineau, F., Sall, G., and Cme, D. (2004). Tomilov, A., Tomilova, N., Shin, D. H., Jamison, D., Torres, M., Reagan, R., et al. Should you discover broomrape in a field, please contact the grower immediately, who should in turn contact the respective county agricultural commissioner. Biology and management of weedy root parasites. Plant Microbe Interact. It produces a large number of tiny seeds and many of them are long-lived.. Pest Manag. The Effect of 10 Crop Plants That Served as Hosts on the Primary Metabolic Profile of the Parasitic Plant. Commercially available as Bion, field doses of 0.8 kg ha1 are recommended to inhibit P. ramosa parasitism in hemp and tobacco (Gonsior et al., 2004), crops for which resistant varieties are not available. buca di bacco meaning. Plant Dis. Hanson is part of a team of UC researchers enlisted by the processing tomato sector to work on a plan to contain the damage caused by branched broomrape, should it become established enough that the California Department of Food and Agriculture zero-tolerance quarantine strategy is replaced by management programs. An official website of the United States government. doi: 10.1094/MPMI-10-11-0260. One plant can produce over 100,000 seeds only 0.3 millimeters long. Mayer, A. M., and Bar-Nun, N. (1997). 119, 585591. The seedling absorbs water both from the soil and from the seed endothelium, the later ensuring radicle development even in dry soil (Joel et al., 2012). Effects of environmental factors on dormancy and germination of crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata). Annu. (2006) applied L-methionine in pots to tomato roots the number of broomrape seedlings that successfully developed parasitism was highly reduced. Sources of natural resistance based on low exudation of germination-inducing factors exist in legumes and sunflower and are highly effective in inhibiting broomrape weed parasitism (Labrousse et al., 2001, 2004; Rubiales et al., 2003b, 2009a; Prez-de-Luque et al., 2005; Sillero et al., 2005; Abbes et al., 2010; Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2012b, 2014). Manage. doi: 10.1002/ps.2153, Evidente, A., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Cimmino, A., Rubiales, D., Andolfi, A., and Motta, A. Possibilities of biological control of Orobanche crenata and O. cumana with Ulocladium botrytis and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. The development of mycoherbicides for the management of parasitic weeds of the genus Striga and Orobanchea review and recent results, in Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, ed. Longevity of crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata) seed under soil and laboratory conditions. PLoS ONE 7:e49273. (2011). It is best recognized by its yellow-to-straw coloured stems completely lacking chlorophyll, bearing yellow, white or blue, snapdragon-like flowers. Few days after host vascular connection, the part of the broomrape seedling that remains outside the host root develops into a storage organ called tubercle. Abbes, Z., Kharrat, M., Pouvreau, J. eCollection 2022. doi: 10.1006/anbo.1998.0629, Johnson, A. W., Rosebery, G., and Parker, C. (1976).
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