Shahnameh (The Epic of Kings) By: Hakim Abol Qasem Ferdowsi Tousi Translated by: Helen Zimmern . Or, haha, maybe they just had all the cast off Arabian stallions. But young as he is, Sohrab is not ready to listen to him. Need to catch up! If she has a girl, she is to take the jewel and plait it in the girl's hair. Dumating maya maya si Tahmina upang iligtas silang parehas sa away, ngunit nahuli na siya at ang naabutan na lamang niya ay ang anak niyang si Sohrab na mamamatay na sa mga braso ng kanyang ama. The story of Shahnameh is related to the history of coffee house . Amir 's grandfather takes the young Ali in, and Ali and Baba grow up together. Thats a new one to me (Though American Doll collectors might be so excited about this.). , I am here for the rugby players body as an ideal. Rostam felt it was fated that Rakhsh was his horse. In thinking back the re-positioning the head was spoken of. This journey is called "Rostam's Seven Quests". Depiction of Rostam and Sohrab from the Windsor Shahnameh, 1648, signed by Mohammad Yusef the Painter. In this article, we first examine Rostam's character and his place in Iranian mythological thought, and especially his role in "Shahnameh". 10.7596/taksad.v6i1.707. Rostam leaves after he impregnates Tahmina and his horse is returned. This way, there is a tough fight between the two warriors each trying to get the better of the other. Fight, let me hear . He famously wears the zn-i palang or "panther-skin garment": The material surveyed so far proves that the Rustam legend was fully formed and well known in Western Iran by the seventh century AD at the latest and in the Eastern Iranian lands by the early eighth century. Not a portrait, an engraving, or needle work but a silk doll. Being an animal, he is able to comprehend the sad fate befallen on his master and his son. The Tragedy in the Story of Rostam and Sohrab in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. I guess I dont have a very poetical frame of mind! [8], Two Persian heroes, Rostam and Esfandiyr, share stories with the Labours of Hercules. Among the great works of world literature, perhaps one of the least familiar to English readers is the Shahnameh, the national epic of Persia. I went looking for some images of Rakhsh, and theyre plentiful, but very interestingly I also discovered that Rakhsh is the name for an Iranian armoured truck. He translated it in verse from the birth of Rustam. Since he has heard that he is the son of a famous warrior, he too wants to impress his unknown father with his strength. In the grayness of the early dawn, he leaves his bed and makes his solitary way through the black tents of the great encampment to the quarters of Peran-Wisa, commander of the Tartar army. He finds his best manifestation in epic heroes, and Rostam, among . So how will this play out? My horse is on limited grazing during summer and Ive just switched him off lush green summer grass to grazing the edges of the recently harvested hay field and his manure production has increased from 0.7 piles/hour to 1.1 piles/hour. He manages to impress damage on Rustums armor. It became so that Rakhshan became a star. Rostam was impressed: Like saffron petals, mottled red and gold; An elephant in massive strength and might'. At the end, Rustum drew out the spear from the side of Sohrab let him pass away peacefully. The Epic of Kings has been divided into the following sections: The Shahs of Old [31k] Feridoun [42k] Zal [23k] Zal and Rudabeh [55k] Rustem [40k] No one else dares to fight Rostam, so Sohrab is sent to wrestle with the legendary hero. The selected adventures of Persia's Hercules, from Iran's great national epic. Best. Among Arnold's sources for this heroic romance set in ancient Persia were translations of an epic by the Persian poet Ferdows and Sir John Malcolm's History of Persia (1815). Death is the end of the journey. Im trying very hard to see it as a metaphor but its actually described that the belly hits the earth. Therefore he refuses to take part in the battle. He finds his best manifestation in epic heroes, and Rostam, among these epic heroes, must have all the necessary qualities in him. There are some similarities between the legends of Rostam and those pertaining to the great Irish hero C Chulainn. My kind of epic!! Lumaki si Sohrab kagaya ng kanyang amang si Rustam. One of the most famous figures in Persian legend is Rostam (the son of Zal and Rudabeh), whose story is also in the Shahnameh. and in the tools and equipment of Pahlavan Rostam and his only helper, Rakhsh, there is a discussion. Especially when it became apparent that geldings and mares could accomplish the same thing with far less trouble. The story jumps back in time to 1933, the year Baba is born and Zahir Shah becomes king of Afghanistan. Kahit na alam ni Sohrab ang pangalan ng kanyang ama, hindi niya alam na si Rostam ang kanyang makakalaban. But his grief is too much for him to bear. Here he saw the kings daughter, Tamineh, whom he loved for her beauty and wisdom. Ang Shanameh (The Epic Of Kings) ay isang epikong nagmula sa panitikan ng Persya na mas kilala ngayon bilang Iran.Ito ay ang pinakamahabang epiko na naisulat ng isang manunnulat lamang. Also, from the point of view of morphology (facial recognition, etc.) Their domain was Sistan. Rostam also revolves the entire heroic period of Shahnameh around his existence. The Garshasb family was one of the most important Iranian families, and its men, who were the first heroes after each other, were known for both arm strength and wisdom. He also tells him that he pities his mother who in ader-baijan dwells who with her father, who grows grey with age, and rules over the valiant Kurds camp. Hardly more than a boy, he had developed into the mightiest fighter of the Tartar host. Join Tessa Gratton and me as we read the Shahnameh by Abolqasem Ferdowsi. The tragedy of Rostam and Sohrab forms part of the 10th-century Persian epic Shahnameh by the Persian poet Ferdowsi. The tales of Shahnameh, to a great extent, deal with the adventure of Rostam including The Seven Trials of Rostam (HaftKhan-e-Rostam), The Tragedy of Rostam and Sohrab, The Battle of Rostam and Esfandyr, The Tale of Rostam and his half-brother Shaghad. Meanwhile, in the Persian camp, Gudurz, one of the members of the council goes to call Rustum to face the champion of the Tartar army. Quote Analysis: The unexamined life is not worth living, Treaty of Versailles: How America, France & Britain Benefited, The Scarlet Letter: Analysis, Summary, Themes, The 1968 Tet Offensive: Summary & Analysis, The Four Gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, Refractive Indices of Water and Oil: Lab Explained, Hitlers Consolidation of Power: The Night of Long Knives. "Rostam cometh against thee, it behoveth thee to ask pardon for thy words." And the King came forth, and his tongue was filled with honey, but his heart was filled with poison. IRAN - TEHRAN, P.O.Box: 14155-1999, Iranian photographer and Environmental Photography Award, First "Nonegah" photography talent search course was held with theme of family, Iranian association of theater photographers accepts new members, Online exhibition of Summer Color Painting started in Tehran, Online exhibition requires culture building. He is a man with flesh and blood and bones, with human weaknesses and abilities, he does not even have a body. No understanding of world mythology is complete without acquaintance with Rostam, Iran's most celebrated mythological hero. 4. Not foreshadowing or the promise of danger. Siavash (in Persian: ) is a major figure in Ferdowsi's epic, the Shahnameh. The epic can be roughly divided into three parts: the first part tells of the mythical creation of Persia and its earliest mythical past; the second part tells of the legendary Kings and the heroes Rostam and Sohrab which compromises most of the epic poem; the third part . Thats just described my greatest childhood fantasy (ok, probably a little my adulthood fantasy, too). At this point, Rustum tells Sohrab to back out. By: Sara, Ghazal,Asra Story's Background and Characters Rostam is one of the most admired people in the whole country and is given the title " hero".He is the powerful Persian hero warrior of the Shahnameh, is the sworn loyal protector (Pahlavan/Daleer) of Persia (Iran), a Wow. These battles arent exactly stealthy but its made me curious about researching that again to see if its actually true. Paul, we skipped a week so it was easy to lose track. Ruksh, the same horse given by Tamineh to Rustum comes on the scene. Rostam was brought up and trained by Zl in warfare. Sohrab looks at the mighty figure and as he looks, a strange hope is born in his breast. This is why I read. Rustum, thinks that it is a trick and rebukes Sohrabs amazement. Speak! He is also known for the story of Seven Labours. 'as strong as a river',[7] Rostam's mother is Rdba "(she) of the River Water",[7] and his father is Zl, who has white hair. BACKGROUND ON THE TEXT The Shahnameh is structured according to the mythical and historical reign of 50 Persian Kings. Rostam's mother Rudaba, the princess of Kabul, was known for her peerless beauty, and Rostam's father was Zl. Also, from the point of view of morphology (facial recognition, etc.) Doon nakilala ni Rostam ang princesang si Tahmina. . Then in 1814 James Atkinson translated the story of Rustam & Sohrab in both prose and verse. However, the roots of the narrative date much earlier. The world was observed as a star.And because Sam comes to see him at this age, he is surprised to see him: Give him a vial arm of that height and horn, such as a pen, and a wide Weber chest In his time, Churan Hyunan was a big lion and the force of Hezbar's followersAnd Rostam has been asking for weapons from the world since he was eight years old. Tahmineh comes to visit Rostam. And Shugdad said, " This man is foolish. Section. But Rustum says that the king himself should choose some young men to meet up to the challenge put by Sohrab. So, coming back to our reading obviously the Persians were fine with stallions but hasnt it also been mentioned that they have Turkish and Arab horses? It is death, which gives life, awe and grandeur and meaning, the meaning of every hero's life in the way he dies. TG: At first I was very worried Rudabeh was going to die giving birth to Rostam, in some terrible metaphor about how hes too great and strong for this earth, much less a human womans body. Pumupunta si Tahmina sa kwarto ni Rostam tuwing gabi at nagtatanong kung bibigyan siya nito ng anak at bilang kapalit ay ibabalik niya ang kabayo nito. And Rostam counselled him that they should entertain Garsivaz the space of seven days, and that joy and feasting should resound throughout the camp, and in the mean season they would ponder their deeds. He undergoes a trial by fire to prove his innocence, and goes on to battle successfully against Iran's rival, Turan, concluding a truce with the Turanian king, Afrasyab, on amicable terms. When the mare was first described I thought he was going to take the mare. I actually read this section and the next one right after finishing the Turan/Iran war section because I was so filled with adrenalin and with all the what happens next! feels. ARTH MISC. Rostam, as described in the Shahnameh, represents a complete hero in fictional Iran. (2017). Interesting to me that the horses are linked to lions and dragons Ive read some in the past about war horses, and they truly are vicious when trained for war. Depiction of Rostam and Sohrab from the Windsor Shahnameh, 1648, signed by Mohammad Yusef the Painter. Ang kanyang gawa ay kinikilala na pinaka maimpluwensiyang akda sa panitikan ng Persiya. His book, entitled "the poems of Firdowsi" published in 1788. The "ruler chicken" comes and orders that Rudabeh be intoxicated with intoxicating extract, and that his side be cut open, and that the child be taken out of his side.Simorgh predicts the following about the child: From this cypress, one lion is on the skill of a lion, you do not want the soil to fall on him, he does not care, his head is turned upside down, and his song becomes a leopard war leather. I would expect the land turns black to refer to the destruction of any plant lifethat is, the land turned to mud. As well as biased people who do not get along well with Iranian culture. At this point, both the warriors rush towards each other with all their strength as two eagles on one prey and dash each other. [1], Rostam lived in Zabulistan, hero and one of the favorites of King Kaykavous. Mind blown. Rustum in turn tries to fight back by attacking Sohrab with his club, but Sohrab being young and using his agility skills, dodges the strikes from Rustum. Today's portion: Rostam and His Horse Rakhsh. 4. Ever!!! Oh, one last thing. 8 - Rostam and Sohrab. The Shahnameh's hero Rostam battles with demons, rescues kings and undergoes seven trials (Credit: Alamy) If there's one character any Iranian can name from the Shahnameh, it's Rostam. Ive never actually looked to back that up with any real evidence. He enjoys all the blessings of life for a long time. The Shahnameh: Sekandar and the Succession. Above everything else, he wants to find his father whom he has never seen, the incomparable Rustum, invincible chieftain of the Persians. Such a story tells us of the . In the lives of heroes, death is the pinnacle of life. After this, Rustum makes his way towards the arena. This is all very fascinating. Rustum in turn tries to fight back by attacking Sohrab with his club, but Sohrab being young and using his agility skills, dodges the strikes from Rustum. lol. Its not that hard to see with eyes that a horse is too long-backed for good strength. An example of Sohrab's mentality is presented, when Sohrab has Rostam pinned to the ground and lets him go after Rostam says, "A hero may not strike the fatal blow the first time his . He picks up his sword and is in the act of committing suicide. Hassan's favourite story from the Shahnameh was the tale of the archenemies Rostam and Sohrab. His father Zal promised to find a horse worthy of him - one that would be courageous in the midst of battle. European Middle Ages lords and knights exclusively used stallions (even as riding horses). Rostam was unaware that he had a son, Sohrab, by Princess Tahmina. However it was standard so I agree that the odd part is mentioning that it was for showing off. I have a very basic entry layer of horse knowledge so this was excellent. By using this site, you agree we can set and use cookies. Sohrab and Rustum, epic poem in blank verse by Matthew Arnold, published in 1853 in his collection Poems. I loved the inclusion of the c-section and getting advice from Zals foster mom. The legendary section of the Shahnameh is dominated by Rostam, the most celebrated champion of Persian folklore whose exploits draw on narratives going back to ancient times [No. Sohrab, the hero of the Tartar army, fails to sleep. The Second character I chose was Rama to join me in the retrieval of the book. All rights reserved. Hassan's favorite book is the Shahnamah, and his favorite story is "Rostam and Sohrab," the story of a father who knowingly kills a man who is unknowingly his son. All rights reserved. In Persian mythology, Rudaba's labour in giving birth to Rostam was prolonged due to the extraordinary size of her baby - so much so that Zl, her lover and husband, felt sure that his wife would die in labour. . After years without any real knowledge of one another, Rostam and Sohrab faced each other in battle, fighting on opposing sides. Rustam takes the second way, and leaves alone, he says: I do not want to be arrested except by the judge. This is a limited print run and will sell out fast! Even though the line of men is obviously the most important, the women are not only not erased, but they come back and are part of the family in a way that creates the future, too, not just holding the history. Rustum with a bitter smile begins to sarcastically praise Sohrab. Pingback: The Tale of Zal and Rudabeh (Shahnameh Reading Project 7) | I Make Up Worlds, Pingback: The Beginning of the War Between Iran and Turan (Shahnameh Reading Project 9) | I Make Up Worlds, Pingback: The Shahnamah Reading Project 2016, with Tessa Gratton & Kate Elliott | I Make Up Worlds, Pingback: The Tale of Sohrab (Shahnameh Readalong 15) | I Make Up Worlds. Rostam is the most iconic figure in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and consequently, the most important mythical one of Persian literature. Art thou, not he? Sohrab was only told about the name of his father. Rostam The selected adventures of Persia's Hercules, from Iran's great national epic No understanding of world mythology is complete without acquaintance with Rostam, Iran's most celebrated mythological hero. Rostam's life and familyRostam, Jahan Pahlavan, slanderer of Pilten, who is the first hero of Shahnameh. Goshasp, through her marriage with Giv had a son, Bijan. And it was done as Rostam said, and the sounds of revelry were abroad, and Garsivaz rejoiced in the presence of Siawosh. Peran-Wisa awakens when Sohrab enters and asks an unusual favor of him: Sohrab wishes to challenge a leader of the Persians to single combat. I, too, was thinking the land was turned to mud by that many horses. But in the end, he calls him a fool for having challenged him and getting killed by an unknown man. Its only after the build up of episodes, after the disasters of the war with Turan and the lack of a king, that it hits with all the power and majesty that I want from a story. Sohrab then replies back to Rustum and tells him that it was not an unknown man but Rustum who slew him. Sohrab, dying, tells Rostam that his father will avenge his death and only then do they realize their identities. Rustum is shattered looking at the proof. Rustam mourns Suhrab. In the novel, The Kite Runner, references are made to the Persian epic, the Shahnameh, which Amir would read to Hassan. Shahnameh : the Persian book of kings /. My favorite part of this piece, though, was the line the price of this horse is Iran itself. The horse is quite literally priceless, but also costs a very important promise. He was a son of Kay Kvus, then Shah of Iran, and due to the treason of his stepmother, Sudabeh (with whom he refused to have sex and betray his father), self-exiled himself to Turan where he was killed innocently by order of The . Tutor and Freelance Writer. A horse I used to have always dappled in Spring when his winter woolies were shedding out and his shiny summer coat was coming in and would have been mottled with gold.. xxv, 291 pages : 20 cm Includes index Introduction -- The tale of Sam and the Simorgh -- The love of Zal and Rudabeh -- The birth of Rostam -- Rostam and his horse Rakhsh -- Summary of the war between Nozar and Afrasyab -- Rostam and Kay Qobad -- Kay Kavus's war against the demons of Mazanderan -- The seven trials of Rostam -- The king of Hamaveran, and his daughter Sudabeh -- The tragedy of . Science, English, History, Civics, Art, Business, Law, Geography, all free! Sa paghahanap ng kanyang kabayo, nakapasok siya sa isang kaharian ng Samangan kung saan naging bisita siya ng hari habang hinahanap niya ang kanyang kabayong nawawala. 96. Popular story-tellers change the tryst between Rostam and Tahmina, who share a bed without being married, and with the girl taking the initiative . The death of Rostam. . I am no girl, to be made pale by words. He also warns him saying that though he was young, yet victory itself was not sure in whose court it would fall in and only even will teach us in tour. Apr 15, 2016. . TG: This was a nice, short episode to dig into, and I was most struck at what an important role the mare had. and their war mares were considered priceless. His second heroic act is to go to "Sepand Mountain", to the mountain of a huge castle whose people rebelled and until one day it did not succeed in opening it, Nariman was killed at its foot, Sam who marched at the request of his father, after years Besieged, failed to return. And he spake thereof unto Shugdad, and said how Rostam ceased not to demand it. [1], After a very long and heavy bout of wrestling, Rostam breaks Sohrab's back and stabs him. Rostam was given the pick of all the horses that roamed Zabolestan and Kabolestan. I figure its either the abridgement OR a reference to something we are expected to know and would know if we were 10th century Persians. . Only death can not overcome it. Summary: Chapter 4. A survey of impact of Shahnameh on modern and contemporary art of Iran By Akram Ahmadi Tavana Foreword by Dr. Firuza Melville Director of Research, Shahnameh Centre . Isang araw ay nagkaharap sa isang digmaan ang mag-ama at sa umpisa ay hindi nila nakilala ang isa't isa. With this conversation, the two great heroes fight for the honor of their kingdom. Chou Rostam was free to walk on eight sabans. Rudaba was indeed near death when Zl decided to summon the Simurgh, which duly appeared and instructed him upon how to perform a Rostamzad, a Caesarean section, thus saving both Rudaba and the child. Rostam follows one of the early Iranian religions, probably centered around Mithra. The great shadow of a gathered army darkening the ground? Sa paghahanap ng kanyang kabayo, nakapasok siya sa isang kaharian ng Samangan kung saan naging bisita siya ng hari habang hinahanap niya ang kanyang kabayong nawawala. In the fight, Sohrab gains the upper hand. Childhood and AdolescenceBecause Rostam has chosen a man, the way he is born is different from the birth of others. 2015 -2022. Shahnameh ( Ang Epiko ng Mga Hari ) Nangyari ito ng araw na iyon nang tumayo si Rostam mula sa pagkakahiga at napuno ang kanyang isip ng mga pangitain. Translated by Helen Zimmern. Ngunit kung manganganak naman siya nang lalaki ay kukunin niya ang tatak at itatali ito sa kanyang braso. He admits that he is older than his opponent. Ngunit ayaw mawala ni Rostam ang magandang reputasyon niya. This was a death match where the last man standing would gain victory for his entire army. He did not wish that his people should know about his marriage for they expected him to marry a maiden of his own people. He undertakes a heroic journey to save his sovereign, the over-confident Kay Kvus who is captured by the Divs of Mazandaran. In some recent publications Frantz Grenet has attempted to find pictorial allusions several centuries earlier, in the smurgh depicted on the buckle of Shapur I (AD 240272) on the Rag-i Bb rock relief in northern Afghanistan, and in the scene of a prince breaking in a foal depicted on an Eastern Sasanian silver dish attributed to the first half of the fourth century. . Im sure both of you would be more conversant than me in that) so Im imagining on campaign each knight would have their own little crew for care of the horse and keeping it separate from the others. He sometimes disobeys like any other human being. As Rostam grew older, it became clear that he had the potential to be a great warrior. Rustum finally manages to pierce his spear through Sohrabs body. In Farsi, it was an epic (the Epic of Kings), but translated into English . They went on the have many adventures together. In Banu Goshasp Nama Rostam later had a daughter called Banu Goshasp, who had a full brother called Faramarz, and both became renowned heroes in Turan and India. Naniniwala ako na ang kwentong ito ay tumutukoy sa kung ano ang mas mahalaga/mas pipiliin ng tao reputasyon nga ba o kaya't ang pagmamahal sa iyong pamilya at posible din na ang kwento ay tumutukoy sa maayos na pagpili at pagdedesisyon. He named it Rakhsh, the Persian word for lightening. He gives Rustum the shock of his life when he ironically tells that his father Rustum will avenge his death. "Girl! Ipinakita sa buod ng kwento kung gaano kahalaga para kay Rostam ang kanyang Reputasyon na gagawin niya ang lahat mapanatili at mapaganda lng ito, ngunit sa huli siya ay nagsisi ng nalaman niyang ang mandirigma na kinuhanan niya ng buhay ay ang kaisaisang anak nila ni Tahmina na si Sohrab. The final feat of Rostam's seven labours: Rostam kills the White Demon. Just as a lions club cannot be held back, Peran-Wisa realized that he could hold back Sohrab and grants him permission to fight a Duel. Gudurz then taunts him by asking him a rhetorical question as to what the people would say once Rustum says no to the challenge. Sohrab then reveals that Rustum did have a son, it was he himself. He then announced that instead of war, there would be a duel. While not free from human weaknesses, he has all the qualities of an ideal man. His life-long endeavour, dedication and personal sacrifices to preserve the national identity, language and heritage of his homeland put him in great hardship . But then Sohrab stops him by giving him solace. Therefore hoping to be his father he falls on his feet catches his legs and asks him if he is Rustum. Echoes of these events are preserved in the legends of the Sistn cycle, partly incorporated in the Shahnameh, but once also surviving as independent epics, such as the Garspnma mentioned in the Trikh-e Sistn, and the Ketb al-Sakisarn cited by al-Masudi. TG: This was a nice, short episode to dig into, and I was most struck at what an important role the mare had. Ones mind wanders to irrelevant math when picking out paddocks, I guess. Finally, a new war between Zabulistan and Turan is on the horizon. The mightiest warrior and considered by many the true focus of the 10th c. Persian text The Shahnameh, Rostam's feats are the Islamic literary . The Seven Trials of Rostam. He survives by trickery, and it is not unusual for someone to fall from the sky into the sea and survive. "I turn to right and left, in all the earth. Ito ang kaunaunahan kong nabasang epiko mula sa panitikan ng Persya at maari kong masabi na ito ay isang magandang epiko kung babasahin niyo ang buong kwento. To show off that they were all ace horsemen? She also is the first to acknowlege the farr in him (she saw the signs of royal glory). Dappling is something that many horses do in Spring and maintain through Summer. In this incident, Rostam's faithful steed Rakhsh and the hero's brother, Zavareh are also killed. . Brilliantly translated into prose and verse (in the naqqali tradition) by the . PPOG 505 Statement Paper. Shahnameh (The Epic of Kings) By: Hakim Abol Qasem Ferdowsi Tousi. ", Last edited on 17 February 2023, at 08:06, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society, "Rostam life story explaied based on Shahname Book", "A Silk Road Renaissance - Archaeology Magazine", "THE HEPHTHALITES: ICONOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS", "Regional interaction in Central Asia and Northwest India in the Kidarite and Hephthalite periods", New Translation of 'Persian Book of Kings' - March, 2006, "This marvelous translation of an ancient Persian classic brings these stories alive for a new audience", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rostam&oldid=1139868925, This page was last edited on 17 February 2023, at 08:06. The two armies face each other and prepare for the imminent battle. Ang kanyang gawa ay kinikilala bilang ang pinakamahabang epikong isinulat ng iisang manunulat at pambansang epiko ng Iran (dating Persiya). (Shahnameh, 10). Apr 15, 2016. The reader of Ferdowsi's poetry feels completely close to its characters. "Rostam Kills a Dragon". Turan and Turanians have always been a symbol of the enemy and aggressor for this border and region. Shahnameh (The Epic of Kings) BUOD. But it has never been noticed in its visual position (nor imagery).Despite its mythical look, Shahnameh is quite tangible and its only point is Ferdowsi's pictorial expression. So he took a tender farewell of Tamineh and gave her an amulet made of onyx stone which he got from his arm, and said: If Heaven should grant thee a little daughter in my absence bind this onyx in her hair; but if a son, place it upon his arm, then shall he be strong of limb as Sahm, my grandsire, and graceful of speech as Zal, my father.. Every heroic epic has all the ideals and aspirations of a people embodied in him, like Achilles in the Iliad of Hamrorama, in the Indian Ramayans. But Rostam's legend precedes him and the Turan army cowers before the hero. Join Tessa Gratton and me as we read the Shahnameh by Abolqasem Ferdowsi.
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