The viewpoints expressed in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the AMA. Hossain MS, Muhammad G. Cloud-assisted framework for health monitoring. An official website of the United States government. September 6, 2017. https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2017/09/06/ten-things-everyone-should-know-about-machine-learning. There will need to be careful thought and study of the broader impact of FRT in health care settings. May 17, 2017. https://undark.org/article/facial-recognition-technology-biased-understudied/. Indeed, society as a whole is more important than any one person in the eyes of a Utilitarian. Consequentialism And Abortion. consequentialism, In ethics, the doctrine that actions should be judged right or wrong on the basis of their consequences. The committee evaluates the impact of relationships on health care. In: Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 28th Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE); May 3-6, 2015; Halifax, Canada:1199-1202. Accessed January 13, 2018. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies In broad terms, a hedonist is someone who tries to maximise pleasure and minimise pain. Rather than taking into account our own attitudes towards an action, by taking an objective standpoint we are able to remove ourselves from our usual social groups and ideologies which affect the way in which we act and look at a situation, and instead we should act without bias. Changes in the Earth's climate can affect public health, agriculture, water supplies, energy production and use, land use and development, and recreation. Consequentialism requires that the agent should step outside herself, as it were, and assess the consequences not in terms of prior commitments, but just on the results produced. PART 1 . There are two broad schools of ethical theory: consequentialism and non-consequentialism. Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008, Pub L No. Putting ethics at the centre of everyday life. Q: Roe v. Wade may soon be overturned by the Supreme Court, while at the same time other countries are loosening restrictions around abortion rights. Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. In many hospitals and healthcare trusts across the world this is the thought process that is guiding their policies regarding who should be treated in hospitals. Understanding different ethical theories can have a number of significant benefits, which have the potential to shape and inform the care of patients, challenge bad practice and lead staff to. What matters is not so much the horrific act in itself but the outcome of that act. JONAS Healthc Law Ethics Regul. Robert Torrance continues a debate, started by Charlotte Blease in an earlier issue of the Journal of Medical Ethics, about what conditions must be met in order for patients to consent to receive electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) ( see page 371 ). MobiHealthNews. Also, it does not matter who performs the action, only the action itself as Williams example shows. This button displays the currently selected search type. If happiness was the experience of pleasure without pain, the most ethical actions were ones that caused the most possible happiness and the least possible pain. January 12, 2016. https://medcitynews.com/2016/01/aicure-fundraise/. 2. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. (2). In other words, the morally right action is the one that produces the greatest amount of happiness or welfare. Among the most prominent approaches to ethics within philosophy is a highly influential position known as consequentialism. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. This is because all things being equal they will live longer and may contribute more to society over a longer period of time. There are two broad schools of ethical theory: consequentialism and non-consequentialism. Gates KA. Watson M. Keeping your machine learning models up-to-date: continuous learning with IBM Watson machine learning (part 1). Before The most famous form of consequentialist ethics is utilitarianism which was first proposed by Jeremy Bentham and then furthered by John Stuart Mill in the 19th century. Accessed July 24, 2018. "The rationale isn't that they're more worthy; it's that they can contribute in the longer run to saving more lives.". Facial shape analysis identifies valid cues to aspects of physiological health in Caucasian, Asian, and African populations. The question that concerns me, is, to what extent is a normative theory, consequentialism in particular, constrained by requirements that stem from Guidance regarding methods for de-identification of protected health information in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule. Their justification is that this action would produce the most overall welfare.. 13 FRT is also being applied to predict behavior, pain, and emotions by identifying facial expressions associated with depression or pain, for example. The author(s) had no conflicts of interest to disclose. The meaning of CONSEQUENTIALISM is the theory that the value and especially the moral value of an act should be judged by the value of its consequences. Knight W. Theres a big problem with AI: even its creators cant explain how it works. Smart and Bernard Williams, 1973. We should note that Consequentialism is based on two principles: Whether an act is right or wrong depends only on the results of that act. Epub 2020 Mar 30. iEthics: An Interprofessional Ethics Curriculum. So what exactly is wrong with it? Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):9317. In contemporary moral philosophy, deontology is one of those kinds of normative theories regarding which choices are morally required, forbidden, or . Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Pub L No. 2005 Oct;25(5):312-27. Accessed October 26, 2018. Philos Public Aff. On the one hand, the use of FRT to monitor the safety of dementia patients could be perceived as having benefits that outweigh the burdens of surveillance. Religion plays a large part in the ethical issue of abortion, just like with . Keeping to those rules ensures that. 1992 Fall;21(4):354-89. Utilitarianism is one of the forms of consequentialism that states that everything has a consequence. However, despite these efforts, the oppressing side ignores the foreign powers efforts. Ethical decision making in nurses. March 2018. https://medium.com/ibm-watson-data-lab/keeping-your-machine-learning-models-up-to-date-f1ead546591b. The most famous form of consequentialist ethics is utilitarianism which was first proposed by Jeremy Bentham and then furthered by John Stuart Mill in the 19th century. An objective measure of whether something is good or bad, and by how much. FRT systems can store data as a complete facial image or as a facial template.34 Facial templates are considered biometric data and thus personally identifiable information.35 The idea that a photo can reveal private health information is relatively new, and privacy regulations and practices are still catching up. Conclusion: Also, it is advantageous because there is no guesswork; the physician does not have to predictconsequences because while . The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Events and interactive experiences exploring ethics of being human. The most famous version of this theory is utilitarianism. consequentialism in what makes the patient and everyone else happy with the outcome, and societal impacts with regards to the distribution of resources and the overall positive outcome to society. 2020 Jun;27(4):1032-1043. doi: 10.1177/0969733020906594. and transmitted securely. 2005 Dec;31(12):739-42. doi: 10.1136/jme.2005.011908. One potential issue is that of liability. It provides criteria and rules for moral evaluation and decision making. Some of the moral philosophers associated with this theory include Jeremy Bentham, David Hume, Henry Sidgwick and many others. Katy Baker studied Philosophy at the University of Kent and is now part of the Philosophy Now team. Never kill an innocent person or never lie are examples of such rules. I intend to show that expecting individuals to take an impersonal standpoint in a decision that so greatly affects them is unrealistic and leads to alienation. Being such a controversial topic some might argue that abortion should be considered murder, while others simply see it as a way to get rid of a problem. A consequence of consequentialism, however, is that it fails to respect the integrity of the individuals involved. He even developed a calculator to work out which actions were better or worse the felicific calculus. For the consequentialist it is obvious that the right choice for Jim would be to kill one Indian in order to save the lives of the other nineteen. Principlism (synonym: principle-based ethics) is an approach to applied ethics based on (1) a framework of prima-facie (i.e., nonabsolute) moral principles, (2) specification as a method for bringing moral norms to bear on concrete cases and issues, (3) analyzing problems of applied ethics in terms of their underlying conflicts of norms, (4 . So, to decide whether or not to take some step, we must calculate whether it will produce the best overall outcome for the highest number of people. While FRT systems in health care can de-identify data, some experts are skeptical that such data can be truly anonymized21; from clinical and ethical perspectives, informing patients about this kind of risk is critical. AWB. This basic form of consequentialism holds an action as ethical if and only if it produces more beneficial/pleasure-causing outcomes than negative/pain-causing ones. And it gives this general guidance on how to live: People should live so as to maximise good consequences. Is a theory of moral obligation their proponent puts it forth as a framework within which a person can correctly determine, on any given occasion, what he or she (morally) ought to do [ 2 ]. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. Brostoff G. 3D facial recognition gives healthcare data a new look. Healthcare workers often face a problem of decision - making. A study of nurses' ethical climate perceptions: Compromising in an uncompromising environment. The use of FRT in health care suggests the importance of informed consent, data input and analysis quality, effective communication about incidental findings, and potential influence on patient-clinician relationships. https://oneworldidentity.com/google-takes-aim-controversial-stringent-illinois-biometric-privacy-law/. Accessed March 28, 2017. Certainly, the use of utilitarian ethics in medical contexts is not without controversy and this is something which we shall next by looking at a well-known objection to utilitarianism using a thought experiment: The objection is that by only focusing on objectively promoting the greatest good, utilitarians can permit and indeed claim that certain actions, which appear morally wrong, are in fact the right action. Consequentialism teaches that people should do whatever produces the greatest amount of good consequences. If all we are concerned with is getting good outcomes, this can seem to justify harming some people in order to benefit others. PMC You can update your choices at any time in your settings. The final result was amazing, and I highly recommend www.HelpWriting.net to anyone in the same mindset as me. It is therefore important to weigh the relative benefits and burdens of specific FRT uses in health care and to conduct research into how patients perceive its use. Philos Ethics Humanit Med. Information, consent, and informed consent. Pharmacy (Basel). Robert M. Taylor, in Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 2013 Deontology. By asking us to maximise benefit for the largest number of people (or, for Peter Singer and other preference utilitarians, creatures who have preferences), we set aside our personal biases and self-interest to benefit others. Relationships among moral reasoning, coping style, and ethics stress. Much of medical law is consequentialist in nature. Deontology is a system of ethical analysis, most closely associated with Immanuel Kant, that bases the correctness of one's actions on fulfilling the duties of the actor (Alexander and Moore, 2008).Thus individuals have moral obligations to others and, if they fulfill those obligations, they are acting ethically; if they . Provide a clear and easy-to-understand guidelines. Applications of facial recognition technology (FRT) in health care settings have been developed to identify and monitor patients as well as to diagnose genetic, medical, and behavioral conditions. 2017;242:797-804. Type. (Cf. Now, if the foreign power does intervene on the basis of humanitarian concerns to liberate the minority from the reign of terror that subjects to such misery and death, war becomes a necessary and moral objective on part of the foreign power to liberate the minority people. Using the example of Jim and the Indians, Williams successfully illustrates that consequentialism fails to respect the integrity of the individual because in deciding what is wrong or right what really matters is not the action but the outcome of it. FRT raises novel challenges regarding privacy. Complex and expensive treatment options have increased the frequency and emphasis of ethical decision-making in healthcare. Virtue ethics: focusing on the moral character, or . 101-336, 104 Stat 327. The principle of utilitarianism invites us to consider the immediate and the less immediate consequences of our actions. Consequentialism refers to a group of ethical theories that hold an act or institution to be right if it yields the most desirable effects of consequences. 2022 Jul;57(4):852-864. doi: 10.1111/1460-6984.12725. If consequentialism is to take a hedonistic approach that we should act so as to maximise overall happiness then it results in a contradiction. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Before Benthams views are most closely aligned withact utilitarianism. Should Electronic Health Record-Derived Social and Behavioral Data Be Used in Precision Medicine Research? Undark. Updated October 19, 2016. We will describe some examples of the influence of consequentialism over current medical law. For example, if I have the choice between saving one of my two cats, Benjy and Oliver, from a house fire, I should save the cat that would produce the most utility over the other one. mHealthIntelligence. Stud Health Technol Inform. If Jim refuses to kill anyone then he is therefore responsible for the deaths of the others. This document is part of a series of papers intended to introduce Epub 2021 Sep 1. It is frequently maintained that an exclusively consequentialist morality uniquely possesses certain advantages; I shall argue that the case for the superiority of consequentialism has yet to be made out. Disregarding our integrity and alienating ourselves from our values and social ideas is likely to result in a life of unhappiness. Answer (1 of 4): The term 'consequentialism' was coined by the philosopher G E M Anscombe in her 1958 paper, 'Modern Moral Philosophy' (Philosophy 33, No. Reimagining Medical Education in the Age of AI, Steven A. Wartman, MD, PhD and C. Donald Combs, PhD. In: Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Computing, Communication and Automation (ICCCA); April 29-30, 2016; Noida, India:399-404. Even if nobody would be hurt, our speeding laws mean less people are harmed overall. Computer-based recognition of dysmorphic faces. Daniel Schiff, MS and Jason Borenstein, PhD, Confidentiality/Duty to protect confidential information, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320316.php, https://www.wired.com/2017/01/computers-can-tell-glance-youve-got-genetic-disorders/, http://www.mobihealthnews.com/content/fdna-launches-app-based-tool-clinicians-using-facial-recognition-ai-and-genetic-big-data, https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/can-your-face-reveal-how-long-youll-live-new-technology-may-provide-the-answer/2014/07/02/640bacb4-f748-11e3-a606-946fd632f9f1_story.html, https://medcitynews.com/2016/01/aicure-fundraise/, https://mhealthintelligence.com/news/ehr-provider-touts-mhealth-access-by-apples-facial-recognition-app, https://medium.com/ibm-watson-data-lab/keeping-your-machine-learning-models-up-to-date-f1ead546591b, https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2017/09/06/ten-things-everyone-should-know-about-machine-learning, https://undark.org/article/facial-recognition-technology-biased-understudied/, https://medium.com/@blaisea/do-algorithms-reveal-sexual-orientation-or-just-expose-our-stereotypes-d998fafdf477, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/604087/the-dark-secret-at-the-heart-of-ai/, http://www.clinicalinformaticsnews.com/2017/10/06/3d-facial-recognition-gives-healthcare-data-a-new-look.aspx, https://oneworldidentity.com/google-takes-aim-controversial-stringent-illinois-biometric-privacy-law/, https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/privacy/special-topics/de-identification/index.html. Geriatr Nurs. The relatively small, single-site sample may not account for the effects of organisational culture on the results; the findings suggested that professional relationships were key to resolving ethical dilemmas. January 11, 2018. https://medium.com/@blaisea/do-algorithms-reveal-sexual-orientation-or-just-expose-our-stereotypes-d998fafdf477. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help According to consequentialism, the right act is that act which has the best consequences. If the outcome is good, how one achieved the outcome is not that important. Epub 2019 Apr 11. But if telling a lie would help save a persons life, consequentialism says its the right thing to do. Managing ongoing swallow safety through information-sharing: An ethnography of speech and language therapists and nurses at work on stroke units. Her research focuses on neuroethics as well as the ethics of digital health technology and machine learning with a focus on mental health issues and special populations. Utilitarianism (also called consequentialism) is a moral theory developed and refined in the modern world in the writings of Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). The oppressors force is relentless to crush the minority rebellion, and the repressive measures adopted in retaliation is specifically for the purpose of forcing the minority to subjugation under its iron fist and crush the rebellion to render the minority weak in the future. FRT tools that assist with identification, monitoring, and diagnosis are expected to play a prominent role in the future of health care.6,18 Some applications have already been implemented.13,19 As FRT is increasingly utilized in health care settings, informed consent will need to be obtained not only for collecting and storing patients images but also for the specific purposes for which those images might be analyzed by FRT systems.20 In particular, patients might not be aware that their images could be used to generate additionally clinically relevant information. Now we will look at an example of how utilitarianism may be used in a medical context. Deontology: Deontology : Advantages: This moral theory is very useful in making impartial decisions. According to this theory, it would be unethical for you to speed on an empty street at two oclock in the morning. An action that brings about more benefit than harm is good, while an action that causes more harm than benefit is not. On the next ward is Patient A who has a curable disease and also is a suitable donor for the other patients. Wicklund E. EHR provider touts mHealth access by Apples facial recognition app. Accessed May 24, 2018. Some consequentialists even argue that alienation is necessary for social progress.
