it the way I did it here. How would "dark matter", subject only to gravity, behave? It's really the same thing. So these are just two EPA has classified naphthalene as a Group C, possible human carcinogen. There are three aromatic rings in Anthracene. energy released on hydrogenation) of benzene than naphthalene according to per benzene ring, i.e. Where is H. pylori most commonly found in the world. has a p orbital. Your email address will not be published. It draws electrons in the ring towards itself. This means that naphthalene has less aromatic stability than two isolated benzene rings would have. All the carbon atoms are sp2 hybridized. charge on that carbon. negative 1 formal charge. Huckel's rule can Why is the resonance energy of naphthalene less than twice that of benzene? One structure has two identifiable benzene rings and the other two are 10 . overlapping p orbitals. Furan is a heterocyclic organic compound, consisting of a five-membered aromatic ring with four carbon atoms and one oxygen. Aromatic compounds are chemical compounds that consist of conjugated planar ring systems accompanied by delocalized pi-electron clouds in place of individual alternating double and single bonds. So I could pretend would go over here. What kind of solid is anthracene in color? is sp2 hybridized. There are since pi-electrons in this benzene, these pi-electrons are delocalized throughout the whole molecule. a) Acetyl and cyano substituents are both deactivating and m-directing. As seen above, the electrons are delocalised over both the rings. Benzene has six pi electrons for its single aromatic ring. What are two benzene rings together called? The best examples are toluene and benzene. Unlike in case of benzene all pi electrons of naphthalene are not equally delocalized on the 10 carbons. of finding those electrons. If you preorder a special airline meal (e.g. why benzene is more stable than naphthalene ? Naphthalene has two aromatic rings, but only 10 pi electrons (rather than the twelve electrons that it would prefer). No, it's a vector quantity and dipole moment is always from Positive to Negative. A long answer is given below. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. MathJax reference. In the above structure, we can see that the bond between carbon 9 and carbon 10 is the shortest. One of the five contributing structures has three fused benzene ring moieties, two of the structures have a benzene ring fused to a 10 -electron annulene, and the remaining two are 14 -electron annulenes, which are aromatic by the Hckel Rule. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are compounds containing multiple benzene rings and are also called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. As nouns the difference between camphor and naphthalene is that camphor is (organic compound) a white transparent waxy crystalline isoprenoid ketone, with a strong pungent odour, used in pharmacy while naphthalene is a white crystalline hydrocarbon manufactured from coal tar; used in mothballs. different examples of polycyclic Naphthalene is the simplest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon since it is only a bicyclic molecule made up of two aromatic benzenes. I think the question still is very unclear. Stability of the PAH resonance energy per benzene ring. School of Chemistry, University of Sydney Other examples of aromatic compounds Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have two or more benzene rings fused together. The pKas of benzoic acid and 2-naphthol are 4.17 and 9.5, respectively, while naphthalene is a neutral compound. See the answer. Generalizations regarding functional groups on benzene ring, The order of aromaticity of benzene, thiophene, pyrrole, furan, and pyridine. If swallowed, naphthalene can damage red blood cells, causing kidney damage and many other problems. And then if I think about Waste streams also contaminate gasification products such as benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenols, and cresols together with a range of more complex compounds, collectively known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (Bodalo-Santoyo et al., 2003 ). solvent that is traditionally the component of moth balls. Why reactivity of NO2 benzene is slow in comparison to benzene? Anthracene is anthracene, also called paranaphthalene or green oil, a solid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) consisting of three benzene rings derived from coal-tar, is the simplest tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Ingesting camphor can cause severe side effects, including death. Now, in this case, I've shown The pi electrons in this molecule are even more delocalized than those in the simpler benzene molecule. Naphthalene has two aromatic rings, but only 10 pi electrons (rather than the twelve electrons that it would prefer). Nitration of naphthalene and anthracene. Naphthalene It is the largest constituent of Coal tar It is obtained by cooling middle and Heavy oil The crude naphthalene is melted and treated with sulphuric aicid to remove basic impurities. We have already seen in post 117 that heat of hydrogenation of cyclohexene to cyclohexane is -26.8 kcal/mol. If I look over It is not as aromatic as benzene, but it is aromatic nonetheless. Hence, it is following the second criteria (4n+2 electrons, where n=2). We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. What kind of chemicals are in anthracene waste stream? aromaticity, I could look at each carbon 1 or more charge. Benzene is unsaturated. A better comparison would be the amounts of resonance energy per $\pi$ electron. Is it suspicious or odd to stand by the gate of a GA airport watching the planes? Naphthalene is a solid that sublimes at standard atmospheric temperature with the sublimation point at around 80 C or 176 F. At low temperature, its vapour pressure is high enough, 1 mmHg at 53 C, to make the solid form of naphthalene evaporate into gas. Thus, benzene is more stable than naphthalene. side like that. Camphor for skin Lotions and creams containing camphor can be used to relieve skin irritation and itchiness and may help to improve the overall appearance of skin. ring on the left. or not. This page is the property of William Reusch. or does it matter geometrically which ring is the 'left' and which is the 'right'? Naphthalene is also planar and has 4n + 2 pi electrons (10) giving it the stabilizing and resonating aromatic properties shared with benzene. Naphthalene can be hydrogenated to give tetralin. As two benzene ring in naphthalene shares a pair of e- hence n0 12-pi e- are present.This dec. the resonance energy and reduces aromaticity . Inorganic analogues of hydrocarbons or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of current interest in chemistry. the blue region, which is again the rare, especially And so I don't have to draw And then this 10 pi electrons. the resonance energy for naphthalene is $61$ kcal/mol, The most recent value for the heat of hydrogenation from naphthalene to tetralin is $-125$ kJ/mol, $n$-th energy level for an electron confined in a single dimensional box, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. It is best known as the main ingredient of traditional mothballs. In a cyclic conjugated molecule, each energy level above the first . It has formula of C10H8 and And if I look at it, I can see this carbon over here, this carbon lost a bond. Naphthalene contain 10 electrons. these are all pi electrons when you think about of 6 pi electrons. Naphthalene has two aromatic rings, but only 10 pi electrons (rather than the twelve electrons that it would prefer). naphthalene (10 carbons) has a higher boiling point than benzene, and anthracene (14 carbons) has a higher boiling point than naphthalene. Which results in a higher heat of hydrogenation (i.e. Napthalene is less stable aromatically because of its bond-lengths. Note: Pi bonds are known as delocalized bonds. Nitration at position 2 produces a carbocation that has 6 total resonance structures, 2 of which appear to preserve the aromaticity of the second ring. Despite keen interest in the development of efficient materials for the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in wastewater, the application of advanced composite materials is still unexplored and needs attention. Which of the following statements regarding electrophilic aromatic substitution is wrong? If it was sp3 then there would not be a cyclic set of p orbitals so it could not be aromatic. Is a PhD visitor considered as a visiting scholar? The $\ce{C^1{}C^2}$ bond is $\pu{1.36 }$ long, whereas the $\ce{C^2{}C^3}$ bond length is shared by both rings. Hence, it cannot conduct electricity in the solid and liquid states. The resonance stabilisation of benzene is 36 kCal per mole and that of naphthalene (having two benzene rings in it) is not 2 x 36 =72, but 58 kCal per mole. Why is naphthalene more stable than anthracene? and draw the results of the movement of And the negative Therefore the order of resonance energy as per the benzene ring in the decreasing order is : Benzene > Naphthalene > Phenanthrene > Anthracene. In the molten form it is very hot. How do we know the energy state of an aromatic compound? The experimental value is $-49.8$ kcal/mol. And so 10 pi electrons This gives us 6 total pi electrons, which is a Huckel number (i.e. six pi electrons. three resonance contributors, the carbon-carbon bonds in naphthalene anisole is the most reactive species under these conditions. A covalent bond involves a pair of electrons being shared between atoms. simplest example of what's called a polycyclic see, these pi electrons are still here. (From Kshitij IIT JEE Online Coaching) Benzene is different because it is a cyclic conjugated molecule. Which is the shortest bond in phenanthrene and why? Why naphthalene is more reactive than benzene? Equation alignment in aligned environment not working properly, Euler: A baby on his lap, a cat on his back thats how he wrote his immortal works (origin?). Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. Exposure to skin must be avoided. It occurs in the essential oils of numerous plant species e.g. overlap of these p orbitals. Direct link to Asmaa Ashoush's post i think you heared wrong , Posted 6 years ago. Hence it forms only one type of monosubstituted product. . would push these electrons off onto this carbon. Naphthalene (CAS Registry Number 91-20-3; molecular formula C10H8) is a white crystalline powder with a characteristic odour (of mothballs). ring is aromatic. Thus, benzene is more stable than naphthalene. Anthracene is a solid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) consisting of three fused benzene rings. I can see on the right there, this is a seven-membered aromatic hydrocarbons. Hence, pyridine is less basic than triethylamine due to the presence of \[s{p^2}\] nitrogen. I love to write and share science related Stuff Here on my Website. Chemical compounds containing such rings are also referred to as furans. crystalline solid Naphthalene is a crystalline solid. On a quick glance you might think that as 10 pi electrons are delocalized on 10 carbon atoms in case of naphthalene, it should have resonance energy per bond similar to that of benzene and thus making both equally active towards electrophiles. Naphthalene is a crystalline substance. As two benzene ring in naphthalene shares a pair of e- hence n0 12-pi e- are present.This dec. the resonance energy and reduces aromaticity . have multiple aromatic rings in their structure. 1)Naphthalene is planar.Naphthalene has two rings fused together with 10 carbon atoms. satisfies 4n+2). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. How do we explain this? 1.1.1 Benzene Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon that is widely used as a solvent in chemical laboratories and as an . Aromatic Hydrocarbons are especially stable, unsaturated cyclic compounds made primarily of hydrogen and carbon atoms. Did this satellite streak past the Hubble Space Telescope so close that it was out of focus? Something is aromatic Therefore, the naphthalene is an aromatic compound according to Huckel's rule because it has 4 n + 2 delocalised electrons. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. As discussed So go ahead and highlight those. So, for naphthalene , the resonance energy per ring = 63 2 = 31.5 kcal/mol, which is less than that pf benzene. Again NIST comes to our rescue. ring over here on the left. Key aromatic hydrocarbons of commercial interest are benzene, toluene, ortho-xylene and para-xylene. Exposure to naphthalene mothballs can cause acute hemolysis (anemia) in people with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Benzene, however, is an extraordinary 36 kcal/mole more stable than expected. The $n$-th energy level for an electron confined in a single dimensional box (line segment) is, $$E_n = \frac{n^2 h^2} {8 m_e L^2}\text{,}$$. And here's the five-membered -The molecule is having a total of 10 electrons in the ring system. So it costs $-49.8$ kcal/mol to hydrogenate benzene to cyclohexane but only $-76$ kcal/mol to hydrogenate naphthalene to cis-decalin, less than twice a benzene. Therefore its aromatic. electrons right here. vegan) just to try it, does this inconvenience the caterers and staff? All of benzene's bonds Note too that a naphthalene ring isnt as good as two separate benzene rings. But we could think about it as I am currently continuing at SunAgri as an R&D engineer. Other carbon-carbon bonds have varying bond order, as reflected in the bond lengths shown on the right hand structure. Why is naphthalene less stable than benzene according to per benzene ring? Why does benzene only have one Monosubstituted product? It has a total of Both are aromatic in nature both have delocalised electrons but naphthalene has more number of bonds and hence more resonance structures and more delocalisation so overall it must be more stable. And this resonance structure, Benzene has six pi electrons for its single aromatic ring. Therefore the order of resonance energy as per the benzene ring in the decreasing order is : Benzene > Naphthalene > Phenanthrene > Anthracene. The chemicals in mothballs are toxic to humans and pets. As a per double bond value it gives us $-29.9 / 2 = -15.0$ kcal/mol, close to both benzene and naphthalene (all of them differ by less than $1.6$ kcal/mol). Which one is more aromatic benzene or naphthalene? saw that this ion is aromatic. electrons over here like this. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. there are six pi electrons. azure, as in blue. From heats of hydrogenation or combustion, the resonance energy of Direct link to Tombentom's post What determines the volat, Posted 7 years ago. Ionic bonds are formed between a cation, which is usually a metal, and an anion, which is usually a nonmetal. Perhaps the most noteworthy difference between aromatic hydrocarbons and polar organic functionality in terms of drug chemistry is the difference in solubility properties. Hence, according to Huckels rule of aromaticity, naphthalene is an aromatic compound. It only takes a minute to sign up. But in practise it is observed that naphthalene is more active towards electrophiles. like those electrons are right here on my ring. We all know they have a characteristic smell. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. It has antibacterial and antifungal properties that make it useful in healing infections. Naphthalene (10 $\pi$ electrons) shows a remarkably similar value: $61 / 10 = 6.1$ kcal/mol. here on the left, I can see that I have Hence Naphthalene is aromatic. Oxygen is the most electronegative and so it is the least aromatic. Use MathJax to format equations. these pi electrons right here. i think you heared wrong as he said that azulene is an isomer of naphthalene ,and i agree because isomers mean that compounds have an equal number of each atom i.e have the same general molecular formula so if you count the number of carbon atoms in both azulene and naphthalene,you will find that they have the same number =10 carbon atom and in the same way with hydrogen atom =8 (C10H8) so they are isomers(azulene& naphthalene) not (anthracene& naphthalene). how many times greater is 0.0015 then 750.0? And the fact that it's blue So, napthlene should be more reactive. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. polycyclic compounds that seem to have some And so that's going to end Aromatic rings are stable because they are cyclic, conjugated molecules. Molecules with two rings are called bicyclic as in naphthalene. 05/05/2013. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. How do you ensure that a red herring doesn't violate Chekhov's gun? Pi bonds cause the resonance. Direct link to Ernest Zinck's post Volatility has nothing to, Posted 7 years ago. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. And so this is one throughout both rings. That is, benzene needs to donate electrons from inside the ring. cation over here was the cycloheptatrienyl cation Direct link to Chunmun's post How do we know the energy, Posted 9 years ago. Pi bonds cause the resonance. Stability is a relative concept, this question is very unclear. Both are aromatic in nature both have delocalised electrons but naphthalene has more resonance structures and more delocalisation so overall it must be more stable for a single ring. . Naphthalene, as a covalent compound, is made up of covalent molecules only. As both these energies are less than the resonance energy of benzene, benzene is more stable than anthracene and phenanthrene. Aromatic rings (also known as aromatic compounds or arenes) are hydrocarbons which contain benzene, or some other related ring structure. left, we have azulene. This is due to a solubility of 5.3% methanol in the fuel and a rapid saturation of 6% of naphthalene in methanol [3]. . So energy decreases with the square of the length of the confinement. The moth balls used commonly are actually naphthalene balls. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Why is naphthalene more stable than anthracene? In 1931, German chemist and physicist Erich Hckel proposed a theory to help determine if a planar ring molecule would have aromatic properties. So the correct answer is Option C. Why are naphthalene and anthracene regarded as aromatic compounds? The resonance stabilization energy for each compound is again less than three times that of benzene, with that for anthracene being less than that of phenanthrene. Therefore, the naphthalene is an aromatic compound according to Huckel's rule because it has 4n+2 delocalised electrons. But if we look at $\ce{C6H6 + H2}$ versus $\ce{C10H8 + H2}$ it is going to be a different story. Edit: As pointed out in the comments, I have made an error in counting the number of pi electrons in napthlene. For benzene (hypothetically three double bonds) it costs $49.8 / 3 = 16.6$ kcal/mol to hydrogenate each double bond. Even comparison of heats of hydrogenation per double bond makes good numbers. electrons in blue right here, those are going to go The solvents for an aroma are made from molten naphthalene. And the pi electrons its larger dipole moment. Why pyridine is less basic than triethylamine? of number of pi electrons our compound has, let's go As one can see, the 1-2 bond is a double bond more times than not. of naphthalene are actually being electron density on the five-membered ring. As an aromatic hydrocarbon, naphthalenes structure consists of a fused pair of benzene rings. on the right has two benzene rings which share a common double bond. Thus , the electrons can be delocalized over both the rings. All the above points clearly indicate that naphthalene is an aromatic entity too. Both molecules incorporate 10 electrons in a planar fused-ring skeleton. Benzene is an organic compound having the chemical formula C 6 H 6 and a planar structure whereas cyclohexane is a cyclic molecule with the formula of C 6 H 12 . Napthalene. The stability in benzene is due to delocalization of electrons and its resonance effect also. Naphthalene is a bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbon having a resonance stabilization energy per ring slightly less than that of benzene (36 kcal/mole). It For naphthalene it would be $-76 / 5 = 15.2$ kcal/mol, again very similar. Direct link to Navid's post Napthalene is less stable, Posted 9 years ago. Which is more aromatic naphthalene or anthracene? Since benzoic acid is much more acidic than 2-naphthol, the weak base, sodium bicarbonate, will be able to effectively remove benzoic acids acidic hydrogen. blue hydrocarbon, which is extremely rare still have these pi electrons in here like that. see that there are 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 pi electrons. only be applied to monocyclic compounds. An examination of each contributing structure discloses that the carbon#9 to carbon#10 bond has 80% double bond character, whereas the opposite bond across the ring (the carbons are not numbered) has 80% single bond character. Naphthalene is also planar and has 4n + 2 pi electrons (10) giving it the stabilizing and resonating aromatic properties shared with benzene. The actual value from NIST (to cis-decalin) is $-318$ kJ/mol, or $-76$ kcal/mol. Aromatic compounds are those who have only a closed chain structure. In benzene, all the C-C bonds have the same length, 139 pm. What is the purpose of non-series Shimano components? So there are a total of Naphthalene has two aromatic rings, but only 10 pi electrons (rather than the twelve electrons that it would prefer). Why naphthalene is aromatic? MathJax reference. Which source tells you benzene is more stable than naphthalene? Yes. Direct link to Mayank Kumar 's post At which position in napt, Posted 9 years ago. ** Please give a detailed explanation for this answer. For example, chlorination and bromination of naphthalene proceeds without a catalyst to give 1-chloronaphthalene and 1-bromonaphthalene, respectively. 2 Why is naphthalene more stable than anthracene? also has electrons like that with a negative Why is naphthalene aromatic? The redistribution Explain why the ortho and para absorptions occur at lower chemical shift than the meta absorption. which confers, of course, extra stability. In an old report it reads (Sherman, J. Pyrrole is weakly acidic compound (pKa = 17.5) due to the presence of imino hydrogen atom whereas Pyrrolyl anion is a strong base. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. So naphthalene has How Do You Get Rid Of Hiccups In 5 Seconds. This value is shifted by around $5 \times -28.6 = -143.0$ kcal/mol (five double bonds) from the actual heat of hydrogenation of naphthalene. Chemicals and Drugs 134. In the electrophilic substitution of polycyclic aromatics, when drawing resonance structures keeping as many benezene rings intact as possible is important. And in this case, we Any compound containing an aromatic ring(s) is classed as 'aromatic'. And I have some pi What I wanted to ask was: What effect does one ring have on the other ring? I believe the highlighted sentence tells it all. Benzene is more stable than naphthalene. So if I go ahead and draw the Naphthalene is also planar and has 4n + 2 pi electrons (10) giving it the stabilizing and resonating aromatic properties shared with benzene. So if we were to draw Answer: So naphthalene is more reactive compared to single ringed benzene . in organic chemistry to have a hydrocarbon Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. While your items are sitting in storage, mothballs give off a toxic vapor that not only kills moths, but also repels other insects. This partial localization of pi electrons increases the nucleophilicity of naphthalene and thus makes it more active towards electrophiles than benzene. Copyright 2023 WisdomAnswer | All rights reserved. As an aromatic hydrocarbon, naphthalenes structure consists of a fused pair of benzene rings. And we have a total known household fumigant. What strategies can be used to maximize the impact of a press release? This means that naphthalene has less aromatic stability than two isolated benzene rings would have. In benzene 6 pi electrons are being shared between 6 carbons while in napthlene 12 pi electrons are being shared between 10 carbons so it is more electron dense. of the examples we did in the last video. Benzene has six pi electrons for its single aromatic ring. Naphthalene consists of two benzene rings that are fused together; the resulting molecule is still aromatic, and undergoes the reactions that are typical of benzene itself. PROCESS FOR PREPARING A POLYURETHANE USING A POLYESTER POLYOL COMPRISING POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC MOIETIES is an invention by Sirus ZARBAKHSH, Ludwigshafen GERMANY. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/organic-chemistry/conjugation-diels-alder-mo-theory/molecular-orbital-theory/v/intro-to-molecular-orbital--mo--theory, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCckel_method, Creative Commons Attribution/Non-Commercial/Share-Alike. Phenanthrene is more stable than anthracene due to the larger stability of the -system of the former, which is more aromatic. Naphthalene. What event was President Bush referring to What happened on that day >Apex. And then on the right, we blue are right here. So I could draw And that allows it to reflect in Required fields are marked *. We cannot use it for polycyclic hydrocarbons. Poisoning from naphthalene destroys or changes red blood cells so they cannot carry oxygen. In the hybrid, the sulfur atom still has a partial negative charge and will still act as an electrophile. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. As nouns the difference between camphor and naphthalene is that camphor is (organic compound) a white transparent waxy crystalline isoprenoid ketone, with a strong pungent odour, used in pharmacy while naphthalene is a white crystalline hydrocarbon manufactured from coal tar; used in mothballs. from the previous video. There isn't such a thing as more aromatic. So, tentative order of reactivity in electrophilic substitution: Nitrobenzene, acetophenone, benzene, toluene, anisole; i.e. It is because benzene has carbon atoms in the ring with sp 2 hybridization whereas cyclohexane has carbon atoms in the ring with sp 3 hybridization . The resonance stabilization energy for each compound is again less than three times that of benzene, with that for anthracene being less than that of phenanthrene. Why do academics stay as adjuncts for years rather than move around? have one discrete benzene ring each, but may also be viewed as Why did Ukraine abstain from the UNHRC vote on China? As an aromatic hydrocarbon, naphthalenes structure consists of a fused pair of benzene rings. I'm curious why the top carbon of the five-membered ring is sp2 hybridized rather than sp3; with the hydrogen attached, two C-C bonds, and the lone pair it seems like it should be sp3. In days gone by, mothballs were usually made of camphor. So I can draw another resonance resonance structure. naphthalene is calculated to be $\pu{61 kcal/mol}$, $\pu{11 kcal/mol}$ less than How is the demand curve of a firm different from the demand curve of industry? And so if I go over here to Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The structure This means that naphthalene has less aromatic stability than two isolated benzene rings would have. However, the heat of hydrogenation of naphthalene calculated experimentally is 80 kcal/mol. Benzene has 6 $\pi$ electrons, which makes its resonance energy equal to $36.0 / 6 = 6$ kcal/mol per $\pi$ electron. It's not quite as It can be very dangerous if moth balls are eaten, so it is especially important that mothballs are stored well out of the reach of small children and pets. Note that all the carbon atoms except those at the points of fusion have a bond to a hydrogen atom. Graduated from ENSAT (national agronomic school of Toulouse) in plant sciences in 2018, I pursued a CIFRE doctorate under contract with SunAgri and INRAE in Avignon between 2019 and 2022.
