How are schools teaching morality? The school rules, which must be followed by students, exist at the core. Schools are directly responsible for making people worthwhile in their respective societies. The sense of belonging to a school community; can influence behavioural outcomes in students. Peer rejection refers to the failure of children to be socially accepted by their peers. The girls argued that they were honouring a school tradition by wearing duct tape clothing to the game and that their attire was modest. Apple (2000) argues that home schoolers not only remove children from school, but also have gone so far as to isolate themselves into separate factions. Critics such as Greig (2003) argue that single-sex settings reinforce traditional gender roles and stereotypes that encourage teachers to treat boys and girls differently. Secondary socialization refers to the social learning that children undergo when they enter other social institutions, like school. Similarly, students who attend private schools can be conceptualized as having been streamed into elite classes that tend to reproduce social stratification in society. For example, the government funds public schools, which play a key role in children's socialization. 2007), teens in the deviant groups tended to have lower self-esteem and life satisfaction compared to other groups, and also tended to have poor parenting. In 2001, the Ontario Ministry of Education instituted the Safe Schools Act, which was designed to address violence and behavioural problems in schools. Abuse of students by teachers is a rare occurrence, but when it does happen there are children who are at a greater risk of being victimized.10 In terms of victims of verbal abuse by teachers, these children are more likely to be boys and to display at risk characteristics early on (i.e., from kindergarten), such as antisocial behaviours, and have attention problems (particularly boys). Social approval is obtained when children accept the sanctioned goals of the school setting and they are rewarded and reinforced on a consistent basis through social acceptance by teachers and other students (Wentzel and Looney 2006). While the initial appeal of zero tolerance policies is that they theoretically apply the same punishment for rule infractions uniformly to everyone, the actual application of the policy does not appear to be so equitable. They found that the young adults who had been home schooled had higher academic attainment in young adulthood than the average population. Home schooling advocates have argued that one reason might be that the school-based peer group is unnatural and that home schooling exposes young people to a wider variety of age groups, which makes them more socially mature (Smedley 1992). Such negative relationships can put students at risk for social maladjustment as well as emotional and behavioural problems. While these groupings are very broad, they do point to the consistency of general groups over time and across English-speaking countries. Krahn and Taylor (2007) found that a major influence on course selection was parental education and family income; students from families with lower incomes and in which neither parent had post-secondary qualifications were more likely to take lower-streamed courses. Justifications for student dress codes often centre on arguments about maintaining a desirable school image, respect of ones self and others, and preventing distractions (Raby 2010). Gender Socialization. An applied stream is called Consumer Mathematics, while the academic stream is called Pre-calculus Mathematics. Students in such tracks often indicate that they are bored and that they are not engaged with the course materials (Berends 1995). Children must learn the work ethic that goes along with school and understand the goals of learning as well as adjusting their efforts according to teacher feedback. Typically, socialization is thought of as something that happens to young people, but socialization occurs throughout ones lifetime. These preferred styles reflect normative cultural values about what is valued cultural knowledge. In an analysis of streaming processes by province, Krahn and Taylor (2007) examined how course selection limited the post-secondary education options available to students in selected provinces. What are the rationales behind the proposed solutions? Wentzel and Looneys (2006) overview of previous research on school climate in the United States has shown that schools that are perceived to be caring communities by their students are associated with lower rates of delinquency and drug use. Students who wish to attend university need to take a certain set of academic courses, for example. Describe how peer victimization, peer rejection, and relational aggression impact on the socialization experiences of students. Other research has suggested that cultural differences between childrens families and teachers result in the enforcement of zero tolerance policies for perceived minor infractions being viewed as excessive and impersonal by parents (Bernhard et al. As noted by the authors of these studies, such findings also suggest that zero tolerance policies that result in the suspension of problem students may be doing additional damage as they serve to severely weaken the bond that a child has with his or her school (Sprott, Jenkins, and Doob 2005). The media, in particular, have been quick to endorse a position that suggests that the main problem can be found in the ongoing feminization of schooling. the expected responsibilities, rights, and behaviours of teachers, school staff, and parents (in addition to students) and are worded in a manner that emphasizes co-operation and tolerance rather than solely focusing on punishments for rule infractions; recourses for students who wish to appeal rules (Lewis 1999; Raby 2008; Schimmel 2003). Variation and Formulas Completing a Portfolio, English Language Arts Streaming in Alberta, Mathematics is not the only subject that is streamed. If activities and behaviours are gendered by teachers, this can have an impact on how children see appropriate female and male roles. The dimension of socialization in which children learn about accepted perspectives and styles of expression, which reflect normative cultural values. While the media may tend to overemphasize the home schooling practices of the religious right in Canada and the United States, many parents in Canada choose to home school not for religious reasons, but because they are dissatisfied with the curriculum and/or the social environment of schools. The argument that because school teachers are almost exclusively female, schools are a place where male interests are not cultivated. The number of children who are home schooled is on the rise in Canada. The influence teachers exert over students in their delivery of curriculum has been addressed above and in the previous chapter. Wotherspoon and Schissel (2001) give an account of an alternative education program in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan called the Won Ska Cultural School. WebExample: A high school graduate chooses a career in Business Management after participating in a small group career seminar led by college business majors. Failure to be accepted by peers can be devastating for children, especially when it is manifested in acts of peer victimization and peer rejection. Arai (2000) found in a study of Canadian parents who home schooled their children that most indicated that they objected to specific parts of public education rather than the institution as a whole. Being bullied can also result in the victim becoming physically and/or mentally ill (Sharp 1995; Williams, Chambers, Logan, and Robinson 1996). The alternative peer groups found in most middle and secondary schools can also be thought of as a form of youth resistance. What solutions are being offered? Students are active in decisions surrounding the administration of the school, content of learning, and social events. They tell us what to do, almost like whats right and whats wrong. Placing students in special education, for example, requires that students be labelled as formally needing specialized assistance in order to succeed with curricular expectations (Hibel, Farkas, and Morgan 2010). How do children decide what courses they will take in secondary school? Young people tend to build their social identities around specific peer groups, particularly in adolescence. As noted by Raby (2005), the language of school codes of conduct suggests that young people are seen to be incomplete, at risk, and in need of guidance, a position that legitimizes school rules and their enforcement (p. 73). The students of the school are typically those who have had little success at other high schools and are considered at risk. The school has only three major rules: (1) attendance is mandatory, (2) outreach work is mandatory, and (3) mind-altering substances are prohibited. Both male and female skaters also widely rejected the values associated with the popular crowd. Other research findings reveal that this is more than a perception and that abject racism has been detected in schools use of disciplinary procedures (Ferguson, Tilleczek, Boydell, and Rummens 2005). Although the mitigating factors clause was supposed to protect such students, the statistics indicated otherwise. There is also the risk that she may develop a reputation. An inherent message in these codes of dress is that girls covering up keeps male students focused and protects girls personal safety. As discussed in Chapter 2, Millington, Vertinsky, Boyle, and Wilson (2008) studied physical education curriculum in a Vancouver high school. What kinds of peer groups existed in your high school? The most frequently mentioned motivations were the desire to bond the family through a common educational pursuit, objections to the organization of schools, and a desire to personally enrich the curriculum. This type of aggression is often simply referred to as meanness. Respondents did, however, report some negative aspects of home schooling, which included the social stigma attached to being home schooled, social challenges of not being around other children regularly, the limits of the curriculum covered in their schooling, and the challenges of integrating into classroom settings later in life.12, 6.3 Major Forces of Socialization within Schools. Researchers have determined that bully victims are weak in temperament (Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), lack physical strength (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), and are somehow different in terms of looks (including race), dress, or physical ability (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Fried 1997). Until the 1990s, males had been outperforming females on standardized testing in most countries around the world. Research in Canada suggests that non-White students perceive that school rules are unequally enforced (MacDonell and Martin 1986; Ruck and Wortley 2002). Structural and Social Inequalities in Schooling, After reading this chapter, you will be able to. Box 6.5 Declining Male Performance in ReadingA Moral Panic? Check provincial ministry of education websites for curriculum requirements and identify the differences between streams. Examine how official documents discuss the objectives of the different groups of courses.
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